All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Genetic code
Genetic code: the 64-codon mRNA-to-protein translation rules, deciphered by Nirenberg, Khorana, and Holley (1968 Nobel). Nearly universal yet with 50+ natural variants and synthetic recoded organisms like Ochre.
Genetic contributions to female infertility
Genetic contributions to female infertility are the chromosomal abnormalities and gene variants that impair a woman's ability to conceive, accounting for roughly 5–10% of female reproductive disorders overall.
Genetic counseling
Genetic counseling is a healthcare process in which a trained genetic counselor helps people understand genetic contributions to disease, through risk assessment, education, and support.
Genetic cross
A genetic cross is a controlled mating between two organisms set up so trait inheritance can be followed in offspring, revealing genotype, linkage, and gene position.
Genetic disorder
Genetic disorder: health condition caused by gene, chromosome, or multifactorial genetic abnormalities; inherited or somatic variants; diagnosed by exam, family history, and genetic testing; managed with counseling, screening, and emerging gene therapy.
Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity, also called intraspecific or genomic diversity, is variation in DNA sequences and traits within species. Key facts: CBD's 1992 three-part biodiversity definition, KMGBF 2022 commitments, Ne>500 threshold, 6% documented century-scale loss.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift: random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population due to chance sampling, one of the four mechanisms of evolution. Strongest in small populations; magnified by bottleneck and founder effects; measured by effective population size; drives drift load and conservation concerns.
Genetic encoding of phosphoserine
Genetic encoding of phosphoserine is the insertion of the phosphorylated amino acid phosphoserine into a protein during ribosomal translation, first demonstrated in E. coli in 2011.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering: deliberate laboratory modification of an organism's DNA via recombinant DNA, viral vectors, and CRISPR-Cas9 editing. Covers mechanisms, editing efficiencies, Casgevy approval, GM crops, regulation, and ethics.
Genetic epidemiology
Genetic epidemiology, also called statistical genetics in its methods branch, studies inherited causes and distribution of disease in families and populations, using segregation, linkage, GWAS, and heritability estimation, with its dedicated journal founded 1984 and IGES in 1992.
Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus
Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+), formerly generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, is an autosomal dominant familial epilepsy spectrum ranging from febrile seizures to Dravet syndrome, most often linked to SCN1A variants.
Genetic fuzzy systems
A genetic fuzzy system is a fuzzy rule-based system tuned or learned by a genetic algorithm, a 1990s hybrid giving fuzzy models learning capabilities of their own.
Genetic Heterogeneity
Genetic heterogeneity (allelic and locus heterogeneity): the same or similar disease phenotype caused by different genes or different alleles, e.g. BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer, CFTR cystic fibrosis, retinitis pigmentosa.
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Europe: how ancient DNA shows present-day Europeans descend from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian Neolithic farmers, and Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe herders, plus Neanderthal admixture and medieval migrations.
Genetic history of Italy
Genetic history of Italy: how Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian Neolithic farmers, Steppe herders, and Eastern Mediterranean migrations shaped Europe's most structured national gene pool, from Sardinian isolation to Imperial Rome's eastern shift.
Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula: ancient-DNA record of Spain and Portugal over 8,000 years, covering glacial refuge, Neolithic farmers, Steppe ancestry, Basque isolation, Roman and North African gene flow, and the Morisco expulsion.
Genetic hyperferritinemia without iron overload
Genetic hyperferritinemia without iron overload is an uncommon anomaly in which serum ferritin is high while serum iron, transferrin saturation, and tissue iron remain normal.
Genetic linkage
Genetic linkage: tendency of genes close together on a chromosome to be inherited together, violating independent assortment. Discovered by Bateson, Saunders, and Punnett (1905); explained by Morgan; mapped by Sturtevant in centimorgans via recombination frequency.
Genetic linkage analysis
Genetic linkage analysis, or linkage analysis, tests whether a trait and genetic markers are inherited together in families, mapping genes through LOD scores that estimate recombination between marker and disease locus.
Genetic marker
Genetic marker: a DNA sequence with a known chromosomal location, also called a molecular marker (RFLP, STR/microsatellite, SNP), used as a landmark to track inheritance of nearby genes in mapping, forensics, and population genetics.
Genetic operator
A genetic operator is a procedure a genetic algorithm applies to a population of candidate solutions to produce the next generation, chiefly selection, crossover, and mutation.
Genetic Polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism: two or more common variant forms of a DNA sequence among individuals, typically with the rare allele at 1% or more frequency; includes SNPs, indels, and CNVs, maintained by mutation and balancing selection.
Genetic Profile
Genetic profile (DNA profile, DNA fingerprint): a set of genetic-marker measurements identifying a person. Invented by Alec Jeffreys in 1984; STR-based for CODIS, SNP-based for forensic genetic genealogy.
Genetic programming
Genetic programming (GP) is an evolutionary computation technique that evolves populations of computer programs by selection, crossover, and mutation; it was popularized by John Koza in 1992.
Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination, also called homologous recombination, is the production of new DNA arrangements via crossing over, gene conversion, and related mechanisms, initiated by Spo11-made double-strand breaks and RecA-mediated strand exchange.
Genetic screen
A genetic screen systematically creates or introduces mutations across many genes in cells or organisms and identifies which genes affect a chosen phenotype, now often by pooled CRISPR sequencing.
Genetic sexual attraction
Genetic sexual attraction (GSA) describes intense attraction between biological relatives reunited after early separation, coined by Barbara Gonyo; reported in over 50% of adoption reunions but not a recognized disorder.
Genetic studies on Turkish people
Genetic studies on Turkish people: population-genetics research showing extensive Balkan, Caucasus, Middle Eastern, and European admixture, a below-9% Central Asian paternal contribution, the Turkish Variome of 3,362 genomes, and medical uses such as MEFV prevalence.
Genetic susceptibility to coronary artery disease
Genetic susceptibility to coronary artery disease is inherited heart-attack risk from many common DNA variants, each with a small effect, distinct from rare single-gene diseases like familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Genetic testing
Genetic testing identifies changes in genes, chromosomes, or proteins to confirm, rule out, or predict genetic conditions. Over 77,000 tests exist; results use blood or spit samples, involve counseling, and are protected in the US by GINA.