All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Genetic testing and counseling in polycystic kidney disease
Genetic testing in polycystic kidney disease sequences DNA, mainly PKD1 and PKD2, to resolve uncertain diagnoses, refine prognosis, and enable predictive and prenatal testing of relatives.
Genetic Transformation
Genetic transformation: uptake of naked foreign DNA by a cell and its genomic integration; discovered by Griffith in pneumococcus, identified as DNA-mediated by Avery in 1944, and now a core plant and microbial engineering method.
Genetic variation
Genetic variation: differences in DNA sequence among individuals, from SNPs to copy number variants; arises from mutation and recombination; about 85% of human variation is within populations; cataloged in dbSNP and gnomAD.
Genetica
Genetica is a peer-reviewed genetics journal founded in 1919 in The Hague, Netherlands, ISSN 0016-6707, published by Kluwer and now Springer, indexed in MEDLINE, publication suspended 1944-46.
Genetically encoded calcium indicators
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are engineered proteins, expressed from transferred genes, that change fluorescence upon binding calcium ions, allowing calcium dynamics and neural activity to be imaged in living cells and organisms.
Genetically encoded voltage indicators
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are engineered fluorescent protein sensors that report membrane voltage optically, allowing noninvasive, cell-type-specific recording with millisecond resolution, mostly in neurons.
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops, also called GM or genetically engineered crops, are plants altered by recombinant DNA or gene editing, mainly for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance; over 90 percent of US corn, cotton, and soybeans are GE, grown in 44 countries.
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified food, also called GM food or genetically engineered food, is food made from organisms whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering, starting with the FLAVR SAVR tomato in 1994.
Genetically modified food controversies
Genetically modified food controversies: disputes over GMO foods, defined by WHO as DNA altered unnaturally. Covers safety consensus (2016 NASEM, ~900 publications), 2020 Pew polling, labeling, economics, and environmental concerns.
Genetically modified food in the European Union
Genetically modified food in the European Union, also called GM food or feed, is regulated under Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation 1829/2003 with EFSA risk assessment, 0.9% labelling threshold, MON810 the only cultivated GM crop, and Regulation (EU) 2026/1388 exempting NGT-1 gene-edited plants from GMO rules from mid-2028.
Genetically modified maize
Genetically modified maize (GM corn, Bt maize, herbicide-tolerant maize) is Zea mays engineered for herbicide tolerance, Bt insect resistance, or stacked traits; over 90 percent of U.S. corn is GE since 1996.
Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is a plant, animal, or microorganism whose DNA has been altered through laboratory techniques. The term commonly describes genetically engineered foods.
Genetically modified soybean
Genetically modified soybean (Glycine max), first commercialized as Roundup Ready in 1996, is engineered mainly for herbicide tolerance; over 90 percent of U.S. soybean acreage is GE, used mostly for animal feed and oil.
Genetically modified tomato
Genetically modified tomato: tomato altered by genetic engineering or CRISPR. Includes the 1994 FLAVR SAVR (first GM whole food, Calgene), Japan's GABA-enriched Sicilian Rouge, and the snapdragon-gene purple tomato.
Genetically modified tree
A genetically modified tree has had its genome changed through genetic engineering. Poplar was the first modified tree genus in 1986, but few have been commercialized.
Genetically-determined skin fragility
Genetically-determined skin fragility: inherited disorders, prototypically epidermolysis bullosa (EB, also mechanobullous disease), in which structural protein defects make skin blister, peel or tear from minor trauma; four EB types, at least 21 genes, and first approved therapies since 2022.
Genetics
Genetics, also called genetic science, is the branch of biology that studies heredity, how traits pass from parents to offspring through genes and DNA, reaching from molecular biology to medicine.
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia: study of subcontinental ancestry via modern and ancient DNA; settlement 40,000-70,000 years ago, ANI/ASI components, Iranian farmer and Steppe mixture, and strong caste endogamy with founder events.
Genetics and pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy results from mutations in the DMD gene, the largest known human gene, which abolish dystrophin and make muscle-fiber membranes fragile under contraction.
Genetics Institute, Inc.
Genetics Institute, Inc. was a Cambridge, Massachusetts biotechnology company founded in 1980 by Harvard molecular biologists Mark Ptashne and Tom Maniatis, later acquired by American Home Products.
Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Genetics of ALS: 5–10% familial, 90–95% sporadic; C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP, FUS are major genes; 2023 guidelines recommend universal testing; tofersen treats SOD1-ALS.
Genetics of cardiomyopathy
The genetics of cardiomyopathy concerns inherited gene variants that cause heart muscle disease, mainly sarcomere genes like MYBPC3 and MYH7 in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, usually autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.
Genetics of end-stage kidney disease
Genetics of end-stage kidney disease covers inherited variants that cause or accelerate progression to kidney failure: monogenic nephropathies, recessive APOL1 risk alleles, and polygenic risk, with genetic testing guidance.
Genetics of endometriosis
The genetics of endometriosis covers its inherited component: sisters of affected women carry over five times the risk, and twin studies attribute roughly half of disease liability to genes.
Genetics of orofacial clefts
The genetics of orofacial clefts is the study of inherited risk for cleft lip and palate, among the most common birth defects, affecting about 1 in 800 births.
Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome
The genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) covers the inherited contribution to PCOS, a highly heritable endocrine condition in which genome-wide studies have mapped 29 risk loci.
Genetics of schizophrenia
The genetics of schizophrenia covers inherited risk in schizophrenia, a psychotic disorder whose heritability is roughly 60–80%, shaped by many common variants and rarer, higher-impact ones.
Genetics of urea cycle disorders
The genetics of urea cycle disorders involves eight genes encoding urea cycle enzymes and transporters; seven disorders are autosomal recessive, while OTC deficiency, the commonest, is X-linked.
Genetics research
Genetics research is the scientific study of how genes influence traits, including whether and how disease develops, and it identifies targets for therapy and explains variation in treatment response.
Genetix Health Tech (臻和科技)
Genetix Health Tech (臻和科技) is a Chinese oncology molecular diagnostics company founded in 2014 by Du Bo and headquartered in Wuxi, Jiangsu, using next-generation sequencing of circulating tumor DNA to guide cancer therapy.