All articles starting with G

Genocide of Indigenous peoples

Genocide of Indigenous peoples: colonial and settler-colonial destruction of Indigenous groups, defined by the 1948 UN Genocide Convention and Lemkin's concept; key cases include the Americas, California 1848–1860, and German South-West Africa, with debate over intent, disease mortality, and cultural genocide.

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska): Ustasha regime persecution 1941-1945 through killings, Jasenovac and other camps, forced Catholic conversion and expulsion; victim estimates from 500,000-800,000 remain politically debated.

Genocide of Yazidis by the Soran Emirate (1832–1834)

The Firman of Mir-i-Kura (Firmana Mîrê Kor) was the 1832–1834 genocidal campaign by Mir Muhammad of Rawanduz, emir of the Soran Emirate, against the Yazidis of Sheikhan, Sinjar, and Erbil, killing an estimated 70,000 to 135,000 people.

Genocide Watch

Genocide Watch is an NGO founded by Gregory H. Stanton for genocide prevention and early warning, known for the Eight (1996) and Ten (2012) Stages of Genocide model, alert levels, and the Alliance Against Genocide.

Genocides in history

Genocides in history: episodes of group destruction named by Raphael Lemkin in 1944 and codified in the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, from the Holocaust to Rwanda, Srebrenica, and Darfur.

Genocides in history (before 1490)

Genocides before 1490: ancient, medieval, and premodern mass killings examined with Lemkin's 1944 concept of genocide, covering the term's origin, the anachronism debate, Caesar's Gaul, and premodern case coverage.

Genogram

Genogram: a clinical family diagram adding relationship, health, and behavioral patterns to a family tree. Rooted in Bowen's family systems theory; standardized by McGoldrick and Gerson (1985); distinct from pedigree and ecomap.

Genoise

Genoise (génoise), a Genoa-named French sponge cake: whole eggs and sugar warmed and whipped to the ribbon stage, flour and melted butter folded in, no chemical leavening; sturdy base for tortes, bûche de Noël, and syrup-soaked layer cakes.

Génolhac

Génolhac, Gard commune in the Cévennes at the foot of Mont Lozère; medieval village on the Régordane road (GR700), charter of 1228, Dominicans from 1302, 1880 lead-silver mining concession, tannin factory until 1964.

Oct 15, 2026

Genomatica

Genomatica, shortened to Geno, is an American industrial biotechnology company founded in 2000 and based in San Diego, California, that makes industrial chemicals from plant sugars.

Genome

Genome: the entire set of DNA instructions in a cell; the human genome has about 3 billion nucleotides across 23 chromosome pairs plus mitochondrial DNA. Sequenced by the Human Genome Project (2003, 92%) and completed gap-free by the T2T consortium in 2022.

Genome architecture mapping

Genome architecture mapping (GAM) is a ligation-free method that sequences DNA of thin nuclear cryosections to measure 3D chromatin contacts, including multi-enhancer contacts that Hi-C captures poorly.

Genome Diagnostics (GenDx)

Genome Diagnostics (GenDx) is a Dutch molecular diagnostics company founded in 2005 in Utrecht as a UMC Utrecht spin-out, specializing in HLA typing for transplantation diagnostics.

Genome editing

Genome editing, also called gene editing, is the targeted alteration of DNA at chosen genome sites using tools from homologous recombination and ZFNs/TALENs to CRISPR-Cas9, base editors, and prime editing, applied in research, agriculture, and approved therapies such as the 2023 FDA sickle cell treatment.

Genome research

Genome Research is a monthly peer-reviewed journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press since August 1995, continuing PCR Methods and Applications; it covers genome structure, function, and evolution in all organisms.

Genome resequencing

Genome resequencing determines an individual organism's genome sequence by aligning reads against a reference genome to identify variants, rather than assembling the genome from scratch de novo.

Genome scan

A genome scan is a genetic mapping method that tests genetic markers across the entire genome, one at a time, to find loci influencing a measurable trait.

Genome Size

Genome size (C-value): the amount of DNA in one copy of a genome, from 2.3 Mbp microsporidians to ~150 Gb in Paris japonica; measured by flow cytometry, unrelated to complexity.

Oct 15, 2026

Genome-scale metabolic model

A genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) is a computational reconstruction of an organism's complete metabolic reaction network, linking each reaction to the genes encoding its enzymes.

Genome-wide association study

Genome-wide association study (GWAS), whole genome association study: scanning hundreds of thousands of SNPs across many genomes to find variants statistically associated with diseases or traits; first published 2005, curated in the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog.

Genome-wide screening

Genome-wide screening is an experimental approach in which every gene of an organism is perturbed, one per cell, to identify which genes affect a measured phenotype, typically using pooled CRISPR or RNAi libraries.

Genomes OnLine Database

Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD), hosted by the DOE Joint Genome Institute, is a manually curated catalog of worldwide genome and metagenome sequencing projects and metadata, founded in 1997 and organized as Studies, Organisms/Biosamples, Sequencing Projects, and Analysis Projects.

Genomic best linear unbiased prediction

Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) is a mixed-model method that estimates breeding values from dense SNP markers, replacing pedigree relationships with a genomic relationship matrix.

Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea

The Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea, or GEBA, is a Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute program sequencing bacterial and archaeal type strains, launched in 2007.

Sep 19, 2026

Genomic Health

Genomic Health was a molecular diagnostics company in Redwood City, California, founded in 2000, best known for the Oncotype DX breast cancer test, and acquired by Exact Sciences in 2019.

Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting, also called genetic imprinting, is parent-of-origin-specific gene expression: one parental allele is silenced by germline epigenetic methylation marks. Discovered in 1984 in mice; causes Prader-Willi, Angelman, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes.

Oct 15, 2026

Genomic instability

Genomic instability is an increased rate at which a cell lineage acquires mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and gene expression changes, studied as a marker of cancer risk.

Genomic library

Genomic library, or gene bank: a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing an organism's entire genome, including introns and regulatory regions, stored in vectors such as plasmids, lambda phage, cosmids, fosmids, and BACs; distinct from cDNA libraries, which hold only expressed genes.

Genomic Medicine

Genomic medicine, also called precision or personalized medicine, is the medical discipline using a person's genomic information for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions; it grew from the Human Genome Project and spans oncology, pharmacogenomics, and rare disease diagnosis.