All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Genomic selection
Genomic selection is a breeding method that uses thousands of genome-wide DNA markers to predict the genetic merit of animals and plants, choosing the best parents.
Genomics
Genomics: study of an organism's entire DNA (its genome). Term coined 1986 by Thomas Roderick; defined by the Human Genome Project (1990–2003), next-generation sequencing, and the human pangenome reference.
GenOn Holdings
GenOn Holdings is an American independent power producer that owns generating plants and sells wholesale electricity, formed in December 2018 when GenOn Energy emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
The Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners, founded in Paarl in 1875, was a South African society led by Rev. S.J. du Toit that promoted Afrikaans as a written language.
Genosha
Genosha is a fictional island nation in Marvel's X-Men comics, created by Chris Claremont and Rick Leonardi in Uncanny X-Men #235 (1988) as an apartheid allegory where mutants were enslaved, later Magneto's mutant haven, destroyed by Sentinels in New X-Men.
Genotoxicity
Genotoxicity: damage to genetic material by chemical, physical, or biological agents. Assessed via the Ames test, micronucleus, chromosomal aberration, comet, and transgenic rodent OECD test guidelines.
Genotoxicity assay
A genotoxicity assay is a laboratory test that detects whether a chemical damages DNA, causes mutations, or disrupts chromosomes, using bacteria, mammalian cell cultures, or whole animals.
Genotype
Genotype: the specific alleles or DNA sequence variants present at a genomic locus, or an individual's whole genetic makeup. Coined by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909; contrasted with phenotype, which also depends on environment.
Genotyping
Genotyping, including SNP and blood group genotyping, is a laboratory method that determines which variants of known genetic markers an organism carries at specific loci.
Genotyping array
A genotyping array is a DNA microarray assay that genotypes hundreds of thousands to millions of known variants per sample, underpinning GWAS and biobanks since 2005.
Genova
Genova (2008), also released as A Summer in Genoa, is a Michael Winterbottom drama with Colin Firth, Catherine Keener, and Willa Holland about a widowed professor raising two daughters in Genoa; it won Best Director at San Sebastián 2008.
Genova Sinus
Genova Sinus is a sinus (bay-like inlet) on Titan at 80.11°N, 326.61°W, 125 km across, in the north polar lake region; IAU-approved January 9, 2018 and named after the Gulf of Genoa, Italy.
Genoveffa Franchini
Genoveffa Franchini is an Italian-born hematologist and retrovirologist who heads the Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section at the National Cancer Institute, known for HIV vaccine research.
Genovese crime family
The Genovese crime family is one of New York's Five Families of La Cosa Nostra, founded as the Luciano family and renamed for Vito Genovese in 1957; known for secrecy, labor racketeering, and relative freedom from informants.
Genovese crime family Springfield faction
Genovese crime family Springfield faction: a crew of the New York Genovese Mafia family controlling rackets in Springfield, Massachusetts and Connecticut; led historically by Willie Moretti and Francesco 'Skyball' Scibelli, marked by the 2003 murder of captain Adolfo Bruno and resulting federal prosecutions.
Genpact
Genpact, also known as GECIS, is a Bermuda-based professional-services company that began in 1997 as GE Capital's India back office and went independent in 2005.
Genpei War (源平合戦)
Genpei War (源平合戦, Genpei Kassen), 1180–1185: civil war between Japan's Taira (Heike) and Minamoto (Genji) clans, ending at Dannoura and producing the Kamakura shogunate and the Heike monogatari.
Genre
Genre: a recognizable category or style of literature, art, film, music, or games, defined by shared conventions; also called kind or style. Covers conventions, Neale's repetition and difference, Altman's semantic/syntactic/pragmatic approach, hybridity, LCGFT cataloging, and algorithmic platform classification.
Genre analysis
Genre analysis is a method in applied linguistics that examines how texts are structured in recurring communicative situations, identifying conventions of written and spoken genres.
Genre convention
Genre convention: an established practice, rule, or technique within a literary or cultural genre, also called poetic or literary convention. It gives writers structure and readers expectations, evolves over time, and can be followed or subverted.
Genre fiction
Genre fiction: commercial fiction written to a particular model or style, such as crime, romance, science fiction, fantasy, horror, or western, with a specific audience in mind. Categories were institutionalized in 1920s-1930s pulp magazines and moved to paperback books in the 1940s-1950s; literary fiction is its contrasting category.
Genre fiction in graphic novels
Genre fiction in graphic novels spans superhero, horror, crime, science fiction, and romance; genre titles consistently outsell literary ones, though prestige works like Maus and Watchmen built the form's reputation.
Genre painting
Genre painting is the branch of painting that depicts scenes of everyday life rather than mythic, religious, or historical themes, a tradition reaching back to Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
Genre-based album classification
Genre-based album classification is the assignment of album releases to musical genres by labels, distributors, platforms, and libraries, each applying its own rules for charts, royalties, and cataloging.
Genre: Sadboy
Genre: Sadboy (genre : sadboy) is a 10-track, 27-minute collaborative emo rap EP by Ohio rappers mgk and Trippie Redd, released March 29, 2024 on EST 19XX/10K/Interscope, their first full-length joint project.
Genrich Altshuller
Genrich Altshuller (Генрих Саулович Альтшуллер), born in 1926 in Tashkent, was a Soviet engineer and inventor who created TRIZ, a theory of inventive problem solving derived from patent patterns.
Genrikh Kasparyan
Genrikh Kasparyan (Հենրիկ Կասպարյան, 1910–1995), Armenian endgame study composer and player; first four FIDE composition grandmasters (1972), ten-time Armenian champion, author of Domination in 2,545 Endgame Studies.
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Genrikh Sidorenkov (Генрих Иванович Сидоренков, 1931–1990), Soviet ice hockey defenseman, CSKA Moscow; 1956 Olympic gold and 1960 bronze, two world titles, six Soviet championships, Hall of Fame 2004.
Genrikh Yagoda (Генрих Григорьевич Ягода)
Genrikh Yagoda (Генрих Григорьевич Ягода, born Enoch Gershenovich, 1891–1938), Soviet security chief, first NKVD people's commissar 1934–36, OGPU deputy chairman, organizer of the 1936 show trial, executed after the 1938 Trial of the Twenty-One.
GenRM and LLM-as-a-judge reward models
GenRM and LLM-as-a-judge reward models use a language model's own verdicts or preference judgments as the reward signal during post-training, replacing separately trained scalar reward heads.