All articles starting with G
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German-language theatre tradition
The German-language theater tradition is the theater culture of Germany, Austria, and German-speaking Switzerland, defined by a dense network of publicly funded repertory theaters with permanent ensembles and director-centered staging.
German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe, also known as Nazi-occupied Europe, was the part of Europe under German military occupation and Nazi rule between 1939 and 1945, at its widest governing about 230 million people.
German-occupied territory of Montenegro
German-occupied territory of Montenegro was part of Yugoslavia under German rule from September 1943 until December 1944. The occupation was run from Cetinje and involved harsh repression.
German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941
German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941: opening day air battle of Operation Barbarossa, in which the Luftwaffe's 2,775 aircraft destroyed much of the 10,000-strong Soviet Air Force, largely on the ground.
German-speaking Community of Belgium
Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens (Ostbelgien), Belgium's smallest federal community: nine German-speaking municipalities in Liège province, ~80,000 people, Eupen seat, 25-member parliament, powers gained through six state reforms.
German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army
German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army (德械师): NRA divisions organized and equipped under the 1928-1938 German military mission (Wetzell, Falkenhausen); eight German-armed divisions by 1937, program ended with German withdrawal in 1938.
German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact
The German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, formally the German–Polish Declaration of Non-Aggression, was signed in Berlin on 26 January 1934; Hitler repudiated it in April 1939, months before invading Poland.
German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
The German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was signed in Moscow in 1939. It divided the territory of Poland between the two nations and amended their spheres of influence.
German–Soviet Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation
The German–Soviet Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation was a twenty-year friendship treaty between West Germany and the Soviet Union, signed by Helmut Kohl and Mikhail Gorbachev in Bonn in 1990.
Germanane
Germanane (GeH) is a two-dimensional semiconductor made of a single honeycomb layer of germanium atoms each bonded to hydrogen, first synthesized in 2013 and explored for optoelectronics, sensing, and catalysis.
Germanene
Germanene is a two-dimensional material made of a single honeycomb layer of germanium atoms, the germanium analog of graphene, first synthesized in 2014. Unlike flat graphene, its lattice is low-buckled.
Germania
Germania: Roman name for lands east of the Rhine held by free Germanic peoples and for the imperial provinces Germania Inferior and Superior west of it; Augustus's Elbe project ended at Teutoburg Forest (9 CE), leaving a 550 km limes frontier.
Germania (book)
Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum) is Tacitus's 98 CE Latin ethnographic monograph on the Germanic tribes, the only such ancient monograph surviving; rediscovered in the 15th century, it fueled German humanism, nationalism, and Nazi ideology.
Germania (city)
Germania, fully Welthauptstadt Germania, was the planned rebuilding of Berlin as capital of a Nazi world empire, designed by Albert Speer from 1937 and never realized.
Germania Inferior (Germany)
Germania Inferior, Lower Germany, was a Roman province on the lower Rhine's west bank, created in 85 AD with capital Cologne (CCAA), renamed Germania Secunda under Diocletian, ending in the 5th century.
Germania Superior (Germany)
Germania Superior (Upper Germany) was a Roman province on the upper Rhine, capital Mogontiacum (Mainz), created as a military district in 16 AD and a province c. 85 AD under Domitian, garrisoned by up to four legions and fronted by the 550 km Upper German-Raetian Limes.
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are an Indo-European branch descended from Proto-Germanic, with East (Gothic), North (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic), and West (English, German, Dutch, Frisian) branches, marked by Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, dental preterite, and verb-second syntax except English.
Germanic mythology
Germanic mythology is the pre-Christian myth and hero lore of the Germanic peoples (Germans, Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons), known chiefly through the Eddas, Tacitus' Germania, and the Merseburg charms.
Germanic paganism
Germanic paganism, or Teutonic religion, was the pre-Christian religion of Germanic peoples, centered on gods like Odin, Thor, and Freyr, practiced until Scandinavia converted around AD 1000.
Germanic peoples
Germanic peoples: the tribes north of the Roman frontier labeled Germani by Greco-Roman writers (Caesar, Tacitus), Germania Magna between Rhine and Vistula, the Great Migration of 376–476, successor kingdoms, ethnogenesis debates, and ancient DNA evidence.
Germanic umlaut
Germanic umlaut (i-umlaut, u-umlaut) is regressive vowel assimilation triggered by suffix vowels like i or j in Germanic languages; absent in Gothic, morphologized as plural marking in German, productive u-umlaut in Icelandic.
Germanicum
Germanicum (Castra Germanicum), Roman ala fort at Kösching, Bavaria, on the Raetian Limes north of the Danube; founded spring AD 80, garrisoned by Ala I Flavia Gemelliana, abandoned around 242/243 after an Alemannic attack.
Germanicus
Germanicus (15 BCE–19 CE), Roman prince, son of Drusus, adopted by Tiberius, husband of Agrippina the Elder; led the German campaigns of 14–16 CE, triumphed in 17, and died at Antioch amid suspicion of poisoning by Piso.
Germanicus–Artabanus accord
The Germanicus–Artabanus accord was a diplomatic settlement between Rome and the Parthian Empire concluded in AD 18, negotiated through envoys and securing over a decade of peace.
Germanium
Germanium is a grayish-white semimetallic element with atomic number 32, isolated in 1886 by Clemens Winkler in Germany, used today in fiber optics, infrared lenses, and PET plastic.
Germanium antimony telluride
Germanium antimony telluride (GST), best known as the alloy Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, switches rapidly between amorphous and crystalline states and is the main material in phase-change memory and rewritable optical discs.
Germanium dioxide
Germanium dioxide (GeO₂), also called germania, is the stable oxide of germanium, a white water-soluble solid used in optical fiber manufacture, as a PET catalyst, and as a germanium feedstock.
Germanium halide perovskites
Germanium halide perovskites are lead-free semiconductors of formula AGeX₃, in which Ge²⁺ replaces lead; they are studied as less toxic solar-cell absorbers limited by Ge²⁺ oxidation.
Germanium hole-spin qubit processor
A germanium hole-spin qubit processor is a quantum processor whose qubits are hole spins in gate-defined germanium quantum dots, first demonstrated in a four-qubit device at QuTech in 2021.
Germanium monochalcogenides
Germanium monochalcogenides, principally germanium monosulfide (GeS) and germanium selenide (GeSe), are layered, van der Waals-bonded semiconductors with puckered structures like black phosphorus, studied as two-dimensional materials for optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and solar energy conversion.