All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae, leaf blotch miner moths or leafminer moths, is a cosmopolitan family of microlepidopteran moths whose larvae mine leaves, stems, and fruits; nearly 2,000 species in 105 genera, eight subfamilies, mid-Cretaceous origin, many agricultural pests.
Gracjan Polak
Gracjan Polak is a Polish software engineer who co-founded Scrive, the Stockholm-based electronic signing company, and served as its chief technology officer from 2010 to 2015.
Gracula
Gracula is a genus of glossy-black starlings in the family Sturnidae, known as hill mynas, native to South and Southeast Asia and famous as mimics of human speech.
Gracy Singh
Gracy Singh (born 1980, Delhi) is an Indian actress and Bharatanatyam dancer, the Gauri of Lagaan (2001) and Dr. Suman in Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003); also Santoshi Maa on TV.
Grad-CAM
Grad-CAM (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) is a visualization technique producing heatmaps of the image regions a convolutional neural network relied on for a prediction, introduced in 2016.
Grad–Shafranov equation
The Grad–Shafranov equation is the partial differential equation governing ideal magnetohydrodynamic plasma equilibrium in axisymmetric toroidal geometry, and it is the basic equation of tokamak equilibrium theory.
Grade (climbing)
Grade (climbing): difficulty labels for routes and boulders, set subjectively by first ascensionists. Covers French, YDS, UIAA, V, Fontainebleau, and British trad systems, IRCRA numeric conversion, and IFSC competition scoring.
Grade (slope)
Grade, also called percent slope or road gradient, measures steepness as vertical rise divided by horizontal run; a 1 percent grade means a 1-foot rise over 100 feet.
GRADE approach
The GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) is a framework for rating evidence certainty and developing health care recommendations, used by WHO and Cochrane since 2000.
Grade I listed building
A Grade I listed building is a building or structure in England or Wales judged of exceptional interest, the highest of three grades, held by about 2.5% of England's listed buildings.
Grade II listed building
A Grade II listed building is a building in England or Wales of special architectural or historic interest, protected at the lowest of the three listing grades.
Grade II listed theatres in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed theaters in the United Kingdom are theater buildings of special architectural or historic interest that cannot be altered, extended, or demolished without consent.
Grade II* listed building
A Grade II listed building is one in England or Wales defined as particularly important of more than special interest, covering about 5.8% of listed buildings.
Grade of Automation
Grade of Automation (GoA) is a five-level classification of how much of train operation is automated rather than done by staff, defined in IEC 62290-1:2014 for metros, from manual GoA0 to unattended GoA4.
Grade of service
Grade of service is a set of telephony traffic engineering variables, such as blocking probability and dial-tone delay, that measure network resource adequacy, distinct from quality of service.
GRADE trial
GRADE trial (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes) was a US comparative effectiveness study randomizing 5,047 metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients to glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin; glargine and liraglutide best maintained HbA1c targets.
GRADE-CERQual
GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) assesses confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses, rating each finding high, moderate, low, or very low.
Grade-separated pedestrian crossing
A grade-separated pedestrian crossing is an overpass, footbridge, or underpass that carries pedestrians over a roadway or railway, eliminating conflicts with motor traffic without stopping vehicles.
Graded response model
The graded response model, or GRM, is an item response theory model for ordered response categories such as Likert scales, introduced by Fumiko Samejima in 1968.
Graded ring
A graded ring is a ring decomposed as a direct sum of pieces indexed by nonnegative integers, where multiplying elements of degrees i and j gives degree i + j.
Graded stakes race
Graded stakes race: top-tier US Thoroughbred races assigned Grade 1, 2, or 3 by TOBA's American Graded Stakes Committee since 1973; 410 graded races in 2026, earning black type in sales catalogs.
Graded vector space
A graded vector space, also called a graded linear space, is a vector space decomposed as a direct sum of subspaces indexed by degree, often integers.
Grader
A grader, also called a motor grader or road grader, is a self-propelled earthmoving machine with an adjustable central blade used for fine grading and leveling roads.
Gradeshnitsa
Gradeshnitsa (Градешница) is a village in Vratsa Province, northwestern Bulgaria, 38 km northwest of Vratsa. It is known for its Early Chalcolithic settlement, the eponymous Gradeshnitsa culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, and the undeciphered Gradeshnitsa tablet found in 1969.
Gradey Dick
Gradey Dick is an American basketball player for the LA Clippers, a 6-foot-7 guard drafted 13th overall by the Toronto Raptors in 2023 after one season at Kansas.
Gradial
Gradial, legally Panorama Artificial Intelligence Corp., is a Seattle agentic marketing AI company founded in 2023, whose AI agents author, check, and publish enterprise marketing content.
Gradient
The gradient, also called the gradient vector, is a vector calculus operator that collects a scalar function's partial derivatives and points in the direction of fastest increase.
Gradient accumulation
Gradient accumulation is a neural network training technique that sums gradients from several small micro-batches before one optimizer step, simulating a larger batch size than fits in GPU memory.
Gradient boosting
Gradient boosting is a machine learning method that builds predictive models by fitting simple learners to the gradient of a loss, formalized by Jerome Friedman in 2001.
Gradient clipping
Gradient clipping is a modification to gradient descent that caps the gradient's norm at a chosen threshold each iteration, used to stabilize training and enforce differential privacy.