All articles starting with G

Gradient compression

Gradient compression is a set of techniques that reduces the volume of data exchanged between workers in distributed machine learning training, chiefly by sparsification or quantization to relieve the communication bottleneck.

Gradient descent

Gradient descent, also called steepest descent, is an iterative optimization method that minimizes a differentiable function by repeatedly stepping in the direction of the negative gradient.

Gradient echo

Gradient echo (GRE) is an MRI pulse sequence that forms its echo by reversing a readout gradient instead of a refocusing pulse, allowing fast, T2-weighted imaging.

Gradient elution

Gradient elution is a chromatography technique that changes the mobile-phase composition continuously during separation, solving the general elution problem of isocratic elution for complex mixtures such as peptides.

Gradient Episodic Memory (GEM)

Gradient Episodic Memory (GEM) is a continual learning algorithm that stores examples from past tasks and projects gradients to prevent catastrophic forgetting, introduced in 2017.

Gradient magnetic separation

Gradient magnetic separation is a separation method that uses a high field gradient to capture fine, weakly magnetic particles from a slurry on a magnetized matrix.

Oct 22, 2026

Gradient metasurface

A gradient metasurface is an optically thin array of subwavelength elements whose spatially varying phase response redirects, focuses, or reshapes light, described by the generalized Snell's law.

Oct 22, 2026

Gradient nanograined metals

Gradient nanograined (GNG) metals are metals with grain size graded from tens of nanometers at the surface to micrometers inside, combining high strength with good ductility.

Gradient projection method

The gradient projection method is a first-order constrained optimization algorithm that minimizes a differentiable objective over a convex set by projecting each gradient step back onto it.

Gradient Resources

Gradient Resources Inc., formerly Vulcan Power Co, was a Reno, Nevada-based geothermal power developer founded in 1991 and known for its Patua project near Fernley, Nevada.

Gradient wind

The gradient wind is a horizontal wind blowing parallel to curved isobars, balancing the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and centrifugal forces; it generalizes the geostrophic wind to curved flow.

Gradient-based adversarial suffix attacks

A gradient-based adversarial suffix attack is an automated jailbreak method for large language models, introduced by Andy Zou and colleagues in 2023 through the Greedy Coordinate Gradient algorithm.

Gradient-boosted decision tree

A gradient-boosted decision tree (GBDT) is an ensemble machine learning method for tabular data that fits a sequence of small regression trees, each correcting the previous trees' errors.

Grading in education

Grading in education, measured by grade point average, assigns standardized letters or numbers to student performance, with the A–F scale dominant in United States higher education.

Grading systems by country

Grading systems by country: national scales (France 0–20, Germany 1–6, US 4.0 GPA, UK 40%/70% honours) and conversion tools such as ECTS grade distribution tables and EGRACONS, plus grade inflation evidence from the OECD.

Gradio

Gradio is an open-source Python library for building and sharing web demos of machine learning models, created in 2019 by Abubakar Abid and acquired by Hugging Face in December 2021.

Gradium

Gradium is a Paris-based AI company building real-time voice models for speech generation, transcription, and translation, founded in 2025 as the commercial arm of the Kyutai lab.

Gradius (video game)

Gradius (グラディウス), aka Nemesis, is Konami's 1985 side-scrolling arcade shoot 'em up starring the Vic Viper, known for its power-up gauge, Options, Moai heads, and checkpoint respawns; directed by Hiroyasu Machiguchi.

Gradle

Gradle is an open-source build automation tool for JVM-based software that uses Groovy or Kotlin build scripts, and is the official build tool for Android.

Grado (wrestler)

Grado (Graeme Stevely, born 1984, Stevenston, Scotland) is a Scottish comedy professional wrestler of ICW, TNA/Impact, and ITV's World of Sport, famous for Madonna's "Like a Prayer" entrance and a BAFTA-winning acting career; not the American wrestler Jacy Jayne (Taylor Grado).