All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Granulomatous orbital inflammation
Granulomatous orbital inflammation (ICD-11 9A22.2, granuloma of orbit) is orbital inflammation dominated by histiocytes and noncaseating granulomas, either an uncommon subtype of idiopathic orbital inflammation or orbital sarcoidosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; treated first with systemic corticosteroids.
Granulomatous slack skin
Granulomatous slack skin (GSS), a rare WHO-EORTC-recognized subtype of mycosis fungoides, causes pendulous lax skin folds in axillae and groin; under 50 cases reported, male-predominant, indolent but sometimes lethal, methotrexate-responsive.
Granulometry
Granulometry is the determination of the particle-size distribution of a granular material or powder, by techniques such as sieving, laser diffraction, and sedimentation; the result is a distribution, not a single number.
Granulosa cell
Granulosa cell: the somatic supporting cell of the ovarian follicle, female counterpart of the Sertoli cell. Produces estradiol, inhibin, and AMH; nourishes the oocyte via transzonal projections; source of FOXL2-mutant granulosa cell tumors.
Granulysin domain
Granulysin domain (GNLY): the saposin-like five-helix lipid-binding domain of granulysin, a 9-kDa antimicrobial protein in human CTL and NK cytotoxic granules that permeabilizes cholesterol-poor microbial membranes with perforin and granzymes.
Granville Gee Bee Model R Super Sportster
Granville Gee Bee Model R Super Sportster (R-1, R-2): 1932 Granville Brothers racing aircraft from Springfield, MA; Doolittle won the 1932 Thompson Trophy at 252.7 mph and set a 296.287 mph landplane record; both airframes crashed in 1933.
Granville rail disaster
Granville rail disaster: Australia's worst rail accident, 18 January 1977 at Granville, Sydney. Derailed commuter train No. 108 brought down the Bold Street Bridge, killing 83 and injuring 213.
Granville's vibrator
Granville's vibrator is an electromechanical percuteur invented in the early 1880s by English physician Joseph Mortimer Granville to treat neuralgia, manufactured in London by J. Weiss & Son.
Grape
Grape, fruit of Vitis vinifera (grapevine), a climbing vine eaten fresh, dried as raisins, or made into wine and juice; 77.7 million t of fresh grapes in 2024, led by China, Italy, and the USA, with Near East domestication origin.
Grape and wine harvest festivals
Grape and wine harvest festivals celebrate the grape harvest with rituals such as a public first pressing and offering the first must to a patron saint.
Grape cane tannins
Grape cane tannins: polyphenols and stilbenoids (resveratrol, viniferins) extracted from pruned grapevine canes, studied as natural antifungals against downy mildew and apple scab, insecticides, biostimulants, and antioxidants; not EU-approved as a basic substance.
Grape seed extract
Grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera seed extract, GSE), a proanthocyanidin-rich dietary supplement and food ingredient. Evidence supports modest LDL/triglyceride and diastolic blood pressure effects; GRAS in the US, regulated in Canada and the EU.
Grape seed oil
Grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera seed oil) is an edible oil from winemaking pomace seeds, 6-20% oil content, about 90% unsaturated fatty acids dominated by 65-75% linoleic acid, used in cooking, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Grape surgery
Grape surgery: performing simulated surgical procedures on grapes as a low-cost microsurgical training model in ophthalmology, ENT, and laparoscopy, and the 2014 da Vinci Si grape-suturing video that popularized robotic surgery.
Grape syrup
Grape syrup, also called pekmez, petimezi, dibs, saba, or arrope, is a molasses-like sweetener made by boiling down unfermented grape juice, typically 65–80% soluble solids, with Roman roots (defrutum, sapa) and codex limits on its fructose/glucose ratio.
Grape-kun (グレープくん)
Grape-kun (グレープくん) was a Humboldt penguin at Tobu Zoo, Saitama, Japan, famous for bonding with a cardboard cutout of Hululu from Kemono Friends in 2017; he died in October 2017 at age 21.
Grape-Nuts
Grape-Nuts is a Post Consumer Brands breakfast cereal introduced in 1897 by C.W. Post, made from whole-grain wheat and barley with no grapes or nuts; known for dense crunchy nuggets, high fiber, and New England grape-nut ice cream.
Grapefruit
Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), a pummelo-sweet orange hybrid first described in Barbados in 1750, is a subtropical citrus whose juice blocks intestinal CYP3A4 and interacts with many oral medications; global production is about 7 million tons.
Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit–drug interactions: grapefruit furanocoumarins irreversibly inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, raising exposure of statins, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants, while OATP inhibition lowers fexofenadine and aliskiren levels; discovered 1989 with felodipine.
GRAPES
GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) is a numerical weather prediction system developed by the China Meteorological Administration, built from 2001 to 2005 and used for global and regional forecasting in China.
Grapeshot
Grapeshot was an antipersonnel artillery projectile of clustered iron balls fired from cannon, scattering like a shotgun blast; it was replaced by canister in field service during the 1800s.
Grapevine downy mildew
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a destructive grape disease from North America that reached Europe around 1878; oil-spot lesions, oospore overwintering, copper and single-site fungicides, and resistance management define its control.
Grapevine fanleaf virus
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV, Nepovirus foliumflabelli) is a bipartite nepovirus causing fanleaf degeneration of grapevine, transmitted by Xiphinema index, with yield losses up to 80% and worldwide distribution.
Grapevine Pinot gris virus
Grapevine Pinot gris virus is an RNA plant virus of grapevines first identified in northeastern Italy in 2012 and now reported in all major grape-growing regions.
Grapevine powdery mildew
Grapevine powdery mildew is a fungal disease of grapevines caused by Erysiphe necator, one of the most widespread and damaging grape diseases worldwide since reaching Europe in 1845.
Grapevine, Texas
Grapevine, Texas: Tarrant County city of about 50,700 on the Grapevine Prairie, named for wild mustang grapes, incorporated 1907; home of Grapevine Lake, DFW Airport adjacency, TEXRail, and the Christmas Capital of Texas trademark.
Graph (abstract data type)
A graph, also known as a graph data structure, is an abstract data type that stores vertices and edges, supporting traversal algorithms like breadth-first and depth-first search.
Graph (discrete mathematics)
A graph in discrete mathematics is a structure of vertices joined by edges that models relationships; its study, graph theory, dates to Euler's 1736 Königsberg analysis.
Graph attention network
A graph attention network (GAT) is a neural network architecture for machine learning on graphs that weights neighbor features with learned attention, introduced at ICLR 2018.
Graph autoencoder
A graph autoencoder (GAE) is a neural network that encodes graphs into node embeddings and reconstructs the adjacency matrix, supporting unsupervised tasks like link prediction and node clustering.