All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Graph Theory with Applications
Graph Theory with Applications is a graduate-level graph theory textbook by J. A. Bondy and U. S. R. Murty, published in 1976 and praised by reviewers as outstanding.
Graph transformer network
A graph transformer is a neural network that applies transformer-style self-attention to graph-structured data, adding positional and structural encodings or message-passing layers; Graphormer won the 2021 OGB Large-Scale Challenge for molecular property prediction.
Graph traversal
Graph traversal is an algorithmic technique for visiting every vertex of a graph, typically by depth-first search or breadth-first search, used for shortest paths, cycle detection, and reachability.
Graph-based topological exploration
Graph-based topological exploration is a mobile robotics strategy in which a robot explores an unknown environment by planning over a graph whose nodes are distinctive places and whose edges are traversable connections between them.
Graph500
Graph 500 is a supercomputer ranking based on graph processing, first published in November 2010; its TEPS metric counts graph edges traversed per second during breadth-first search.
GraphAF
GraphAF is a deep generative model that builds molecules one atom at a time on a graph, proposed by Chence Shi and colleagues in 2020 and published at ICLR 2020.
GraphBLAS
GraphBLAS (Graph Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) is a specification for an API that expresses graph algorithms as sparse matrix operations over semirings, developed by the open GraphBLAS Forum and modeled on the BLAS standard.
GraphCast
GraphCast is a machine-learning weather forecasting system developed by Google DeepMind, announced in Science in 2023, that predicts global weather up to 10 days ahead more accurately than the leading physics-based model.
Graphcore
Graphcore is a British semiconductor company founded in Bristol in 2016 that designed the Intelligence Processing Unit for machine intelligence and was acquired by SoftBank in 2024.
Graphdiyne
Graphdiyne is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope of sp² benzene rings joined by diacetylenic linkages, first synthesized in 2010, with applications in batteries, catalysis, and electronics.
Grapheme
Grapheme: the smallest distinctive unit of a writing system, such as or in English, counterpart of the phoneme; covers etymology, GPCs in reading instruction, Unicode grapheme clusters, and grapheme vs phoneme units in speech recognition.
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (G2P) is the natural language processing task of predicting a word's pronunciation from its written form, a core component of text-to-speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition.
Graphene
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice, first isolated in 2004 at the University of Manchester and prized for its strength and conductivity.
Graphene aerogel
Aerographene, also called graphene aerogel, is a porous three-dimensional solid of graphene sheets and air, over 99 percent empty, combining ultralow density with graphene's electrical and thermal conductivity.
Graphene anode
A graphene anode is a lithium-ion battery negative electrode in which graphene serves as the active material, investigated since 2008 as a higher-capacity alternative to graphite.
Graphene biosensor
A graphene biosensor is a device that uses graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms, as the transducer converting a biological target's binding into an electrical or optical signal.
Graphene capillaries
Graphene capillaries are nanometer-scale channels with atomically flat graphene walls, introduced at the University of Manchester in 2016 to study how water and ions move through tiny spaces.
Graphene composites
Graphene composites are materials that incorporate graphene, graphene oxide, or reduced graphene oxide into polymer, metal, ceramic, or cement matrices to improve strength and conductivity.
Graphene electro-optic modulator
A graphene electro-optic modulator is an integrated optical device using electrically gated graphene to control light's intensity or phase in a waveguide, enabling 50 Gb/s silicon photonic data links.
Graphene electrode
A graphene electrode is an electrode in which graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms, or derivatives such as graphene oxide conduct charge transfer for sensors, batteries, and supercapacitors.
Graphene field-effect transistor
A graphene field-effect transistor, or GFET, is a transistor whose conducting channel is graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet; it conducts with electrons or holes and suits biosensing.
Graphene films
A graphene film is a sheet or coating of one-atom-thick carbon, grown by chemical vapor deposition or made from graphene oxide, and used commercially for heat spreading in mobile phones.
Graphene grain boundaries
A graphene grain boundary is a one-dimensional line defect where two graphene crystal domains of different orientation meet, common in CVD-grown films, strongly reducing conductivity and mechanical strength.
Graphene Hall sensors
Graphene Hall sensors are magnetic field sensors that use the Hall effect in graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet, reaching sensitivities nearly two orders of magnitude above commercial silicon sensors.
Graphene heterostructure
A graphene heterostructure is a layered nanoelectronic device in which graphene is stacked with other atomically thin crystals, most often hexagonal boron nitride, to engineer new electronic properties.
Graphene integrated circuits
A graphene integrated circuit is a chip using graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet, as transistor material; IBM demonstrated the first, an RF mixer, in 2011.
Graphene kirigami
Graphene kirigami applies the Japanese art of paper cutting to atomically thin graphene sheets, demonstrated by Blees, McEuen, and colleagues at Cornell University in a 2015 Nature paper.
Graphene liquid cell
A graphene liquid cell (GLC) seals liquid between atomically thin graphene sheets inside an electron microscope, imaging wet biological samples and nanomaterials in their liquid environment.
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy (GLC-EM) seals liquid between atomically thin graphene membranes inside a TEM, enabling atomic-resolution imaging of dynamic processes in liquids, first reported in 2012.
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM) is a liquid-phase electron microscopy technique, in use since 2012, that seals liquid between atomically thin graphene sheets.