All articles starting with G
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Graphene membrane
A graphene membrane is a filter made of atomically thin graphene or graphene oxide, used to separate ions, molecules, gases, or water for desalination and purification.
Graphene moiré superlattice
A graphene moiré superlattice is a periodic structure formed when graphene sits on another atomically thin crystal with a small twist or lattice mismatch, reshaping its electronic bands.
Graphene nanopore DNA sequencing
Graphene nanopore DNA sequencing is a proposed method in which DNA is driven through a nanoscale hole in atomically thin graphene, first demonstrated in 2010 and still experimental.
Graphene nanoribbon
A graphene nanoribbon (GNR) is a nanometer-wide strip of graphene whose quantum confinement opens a bandgap that bulk graphene lacks, with armchair edges semiconducting and zigzag edges metallic.
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, often written G/hBN, is a van der Waals heterostructure stacking atomically thin graphene on the flat insulating substrate hBN; aligned lattices form moiré superlattices.
Graphene optical modulators
Graphene optical modulators are optical communication devices that use an electrically gated one-atom-thick graphene layer to control light in waveguides, first demonstrated on silicon in 2011.
Graphene oxide
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional carbon material made by oxidizing graphite, whose oxygen-containing groups make it chemically reactive, dispersible in water, and a widely used precursor to graphene.
Graphene oxide drug delivery
Graphene oxide drug delivery is an experimental nanomedicine approach that uses graphene oxide nanosheets to load, transport, and release drugs and genes, reported in 2008 and still preclinical.
Graphene oxide liquid crystal
Graphene oxide liquid crystal (GOLC) is a colloidal liquid-crystalline phase formed when graphene oxide flakes dispersed in water or polar solvents order over large distances.
Graphene oxide membrane
A graphene oxide membrane is a separation membrane built from stacked graphene oxide sheets, whose nanochannels selectively transport water, ions, and gases for desalination and gas separation.
Graphene p–n junction electron optics
Graphene p–n junction electron optics is the use of electrostatically defined p–n boundaries in graphene to refract, focus, and guide ballistic electron waves, by analogy with light optics.
Graphene photodetector
A graphene photodetector is a light-sensing device that uses graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon, converting light into electrical signals from the ultraviolet to the terahertz range.
Graphene photonics
Graphene photonics is the field of research and device engineering that uses graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon, to generate, modulate, and detect light.
Graphene plasmon polariton waveguides
Graphene plasmon polariton waveguides are nanophotonic devices that confine and route light-coupled charge oscillations along graphene, tunable by gate voltage for mid-IR and terahertz circuits.
Graphene plasmonics
Graphene plasmonics is the study and use of plasmons in atom-thin graphene, whose massless carriers support tunable, strongly confined, low-loss mid-infrared and terahertz waves for sensing, photodetection, and communications.
Graphene plasmons
Graphene plasmons are collective oscillations of conduction electrons in graphene that couple to light, forming highly confined, gate-tunable mid-infrared and terahertz polaritons used in biosensing, photodetection, and modulators.
Graphene quantum dots
Graphene quantum dots are graphene fragments below 100 nm whose quantum confinement and edge effects produce tunable photoluminescence, used in bioimaging, sensing, and energy devices.
Graphene quantum Hall resistance metrology
Graphene quantum Hall resistance metrology is the use of graphene as the active material in quantized Hall resistance devices that realize the ohm under relaxed cryogenic and magnetic conditions.
Graphene RF mixer
A graphene RF mixer is a frequency-conversion circuit that uses graphene, typically in a GFET or diode, covering radio inputs from about 10 MHz to 700 GHz.
Graphene saturable absorber
A graphene saturable absorber is an optical device that uses one-atom-thick carbon sheets to passively generate short laser pulses, first shown in 2009 and prized for broadband operation.
Graphene spin valve
A graphene spin valve is a spintronic device in which ferromagnetic electrodes inject and detect spin-polarized currents in a graphene channel, controlling resistance through magnetic alignment.
Graphene spintronics
Graphene spintronics is the use of graphene, an atomic monolayer of carbon, as the spin-transport channel in spintronic devices, first shown at room temperature in 2007.
Graphene supercapacitor
A graphene supercapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor whose electrodes use graphene, storing charge on surfaces for fast delivery and long life, though with lower energy density than batteries.
Graphene terahertz detector
A graphene terahertz detector is a photodetector using graphene, a single-atom-thick carbon sheet, to sense terahertz radiation from 0.1 to 10 THz, typically at room temperature.
Graphene terahertz metamaterials
Graphene terahertz metamaterials are artificial periodic structures combining graphene, or graphene with metals and dielectrics, to control terahertz waves; their resonance can be reconfigured by electrostatic gating, doping, or optical pumping.
Graphene–CrI3 heterostructure
A graphene–CrI3 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene, a nonmagnetic semimetal, with chromium triiodide, a 2D magnetic semiconductor used for spintronics and valleytronics.
Graphene–hexagonal boron nitride superlattice
A graphene–hexagonal boron nitride superlattice is a van der Waals heterostructure in which nearly aligned graphene on insulating hBN produces a moiré potential for graphene's electrons.
Graphene–NbSe2 heterostructure
A graphene–NbSe2 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene and the layered superconductor niobium diselenide, a model system for the superconducting proximity effect.
Graphene–WSe2 heterostructure
A graphene–WSe2 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene and tungsten diselenide in which the proximity effect gives graphene strong spin–orbit coupling while preserving its high mobility.
Graphene/hBN moiré superlattice
A graphene/hBN moiré superlattice is the periodic moiré pattern formed when graphene is placed on hexagonal boron nitride, whose 1.8% lattice mismatch reshapes graphene's electronic band structure.