All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
GraphML
GraphML (Graph Markup Language) is an XML-based file format for storing and exchanging graphs of nodes and edges, proposed after a 2000 Graph Drawing Symposium workshop.
Graphoceras
Graphoceras, Buckman, an extinct Aalenian to lower Bajocian ammonite genus of the family Graphoceratidae; very involute, sharp-keeled shells with retrorse ribs, index fossils of the Concavum Zone in western Europe, Morocco, Bulgaria, and Iran.
Graphoid
A graphoid is an abstract relation capturing the behavior of conditional independence, defined by five axioms introduced by Judea Pearl and Azaria Paz in 1985.
Graphology
Graphology, or handwriting analysis, claims to infer personality traits from handwriting. Founded with Michon's 1871 coinage, it is distinct from forensic document examination and lacks empirical validity support.
Graphon
A graphon is a symmetric measurable function on the unit square serving as the limit object for convergent sequences of dense graphs, introduced by Lovász and Szegedy in 2004.
Graphophone
The Graphophone is a wax-cylinder recording machine patented in 1886 by Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter at the Volta Laboratory as an improvement on Edison's phonograph.
Graphormer
Graphormer is a graph Transformer architecture for graph-level prediction, introduced at NeurIPS 2021 by Microsoft Research Asia, and the first Transformer-based model to outperform graph neural networks on these benchmarks.
GraphPad Prism
GraphPad Prism is a commercial scientific software application for statistical analysis, curve fitting, and graphing, developed by GraphPad Software and aimed at laboratory and clinical researchers rather than professional statisticians.
GraphQL
GraphQL is a query language and execution engine for APIs, created at Facebook in 2012, open-sourced in 2015, and governed by the GraphQL Foundation since 2019.
GraphRAG
GraphRAG is a retrieval-augmented generation method introduced by Microsoft Research in April 2024 that uses an LLM to build a knowledge graph and hierarchical community summaries, answering holistic questions about whole document collections.
GraphSAGE
GraphSAGE (Graph Sample and Aggregate) is an inductive framework introduced by Hamilton, Ying, and Leskovec at Stanford in NIPS 2017 that learns node embeddings by sampling and aggregating neighborhood features.
GraphSLAM
GraphSLAM is an offline SLAM algorithm that builds a sparse graph of constraints and solves for the full robot trajectory and map at once, introduced by Thrun and Montemerlo in 2006.
Graphullerene
Graphullerene is a two-dimensional crystalline polymer of C₆₀ fullerenes, covalently linked into a hexagonal sheet and identified in 2023 as the first pure-carbon two-dimensional semiconductor.
Graphviz
Graphviz is open source graph visualization software that turns textual descriptions of abstract graphs into automatically arranged diagrams; it originated at AT&T Bell Laboratories and is used in software engineering, bioinformatics, and machine learning.
Graphyne
Graphyne is a proposed two-dimensional carbon allotrope, first predicted theoretically in 1987, in which acetylenic triple-bond linkages bridge benzene-like carbon rings, forming a porous lattice with tunable electronic properties.
Grappa
Grappa is the Italian pomace brandy, a protected geographical indication distilled from fermented grape marc grown and processed only in Italy. Bottled at 37.5% vol minimum, aged styles include invecchiata and riserva.
Grappling
Grappling: close-range non-striking combat using takedowns, control, joint locks, and chokes; spans wrestling, judo, sambo, BJJ, and UWW-regulated Grappling (2007), with IBJJF, ADCC, and UWW rulesets differing in scoring and leg-lock legality.
Graptemys
Graptemys, the map turtles (Agassiz, 1857), is a genus of 14 North American riverine, mollusc-eating turtles in Emydidae, named for map-like carapace markings; a young rapid radiation (~1.5 mya) with three clades and strong river-drainage endemism.
Graptolite
Graptolites (Graptolithina) are colonial marine hemichordate pterobranchs, mostly extinct but including the living Rhabdopleura, known from Cambrian to Carboniferous pencil-like fossils and used as index fossils.
Grasberg mine
The Grasberg mine is a copper and gold mine at Tembagapura, near Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia, operated by PT Freeport Indonesia and holding the world's largest gold reserves.
Grashof number
The Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless number measuring the ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces in natural convection, playing the role Reynolds number plays in forced convection.
Grasim Industries
Grasim Industries Limited, Aditya Birla Group flagship founded 25 August 1947 at Nagda, India, as a textile maker; now global viscose staple fibre leader, India's largest caustic soda producer, with UltraTech Cement, Birla Opus paints (1,332 MLPA), and Aditya Birla Capital.
GRASP (object-oriented design)
GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is a set of nine guidelines for assigning responsibilities to classes and objects in object-oriented design, described by Craig Larman in Applying UML and Patterns.
Grasp detection
Grasp detection is a robotics and computer vision method that predicts feasible poses for a robot gripper to pick up objects, without a known CAD model.
GRASP Laboratory
The GRASP Laboratory, short for General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception, is a robotics research center at the University of Pennsylvania founded in 1979 by Ruzena Bajcsy.
Grasp matrix
The grasp matrix is a matrix in robotic grasping that maps contact forces between a robot hand and an object into the net wrench acting on the object.
Grasp quality metrics
Grasp quality metrics are numerical measures of how good a robot grasp is, letting planners rank candidate grasps; the best-known is Ferrari and Canny's 1992 epsilon metric.
Grasp synthesis
Grasp synthesis is the computational method that produces a stable grasp of a given object for a robotic hand, dividing into analytic and data-driven approaches.
Grasp wrench space
The grasp wrench space is the set of all forces and torques a robot grasp can apply to or resist on a held object, the basis of grasp quality measures.
GraspIt!
GraspIt! is an open-source simulator for robotic grasping developed at Columbia University that models robotic hands and objects, computes grasp quality, and plans grasps without a physical robot.