All articles starting with G

Group concept mapping

Group concept mapping is a mixed-methods participatory technique in which a group brainstorms, sorts, and rates statements, and multivariate analysis turns those judgments into a concept map.

The group contribution method is a chemical estimation technique that predicts properties like boiling points and critical properties by summing the contributions of a molecule's structural fragments.

Group decision-making

Group decision-making, also called collective decision-making, is the process by which a group converts individual preferences or judgments into one collective choice, studied formally as social choice theory.

Group delay and phase delay

Group delay and phase delay, together called delay distortion, are two frequency-dependent measures of how much a linear system or medium delays a signal's components and envelope.

Group divisible design

A group divisible design (GDD) is a combinatorial design whose point set is split into groups, with cross-group pairs of points appearing together in a constant number of blocks.

Group dynamics

Group dynamics: the study of processes within social groups, including conflict, cohesion, conformity, influence, and decision making. Founded as a field by Kurt Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics (MIT, 1945), distinct from intergroup relations and organizational behavior.

Group extension

A group extension is a group E containing a given group N as a normal subgroup with quotient group Q, usually written as a short exact sequence.

Group f/64

Group f/64 was a collective of eleven San Francisco Bay Area photographers, formed in 1932, including Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, and Edward Weston, who promoted sharply focused "straight" photography.

Group field theory

Group field theory is a quantum field theory defined on a group manifold whose Feynman diagrams are spin foams, proposed as a non-perturbative formulation of quantum gravity.

Group GT3

Group GT3, FIA grand touring race car category under Appendix J Article 257A, created by SRO in 2005, first raced at Silverstone in May 2006, equalized by Balance of Performance across GT World Challenge, IMSA GTD, and WEC LMGT3.

Group home

A group home is a residential facility where a small number of unrelated people live together with staff supervision, providing 24-hour care as an alternative to large institutions.

Group homomorphism

A group homomorphism, also called a group morphism or morphism of groups, is a function between two groups that preserves the group operation; its kernel and image underlie the first isomorphism theorem.

Group II intron

Group II intron: self-splicing mobile ribozyme with an intron-encoded reverse transcriptase, found in bacteria and organelles, subgrouped IIA/IIB/IIC, and the likely ancestor of spliceosomal introns and retrotransposons.

Group IV color centers in diamond

Group IV color centers in diamond are atom-like quantum defects where silicon, germanium, tin, or lead sits between two vacancies, used as spin-photon interfaces and quantum-network nodes.

Group IV monochalcogenide

Group IV monochalcogenides are layered van der Waals semiconductors with formula MX, where M is Ge or Sn and X is S, Se, or Te; GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe are best studied.

Group IV monochalcogenides

Group IV monochalcogenides are layered semiconductors with the formula MX, including GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe, crystallizing in a puckered lattice analogous to black phosphorus and valued for ferroelectricity and thermoelectric performance.

Group lasso

The group lasso is a regularization method for linear and generalized linear regression that keeps or removes whole predefined groups of coefficients, introduced by Yuan and Lin in 2005.

Group marriage

Group marriage is a marriage form in which multiple men and multiple women form one recognized marital household, distinct from polygyny and polyandry. Best-known case: the Oneida Community's complex marriage (1848–1881). Rare cross-culturally; defined in classic ethnography and Constantine's 1971 glossary.

Group method of data handling

The group method of data handling (GMDH) is a self-organizing algorithm, proposed by A. G. Ivakhnenko in 1968, that builds polynomial networks layer by layer for regression and forecasting.

Group mind (science fiction)

In science fiction, a group mind, or gestalt intelligence, is a consciousness shared by many individuals so the group thinks and decides as one entity.

Group normalization

Group normalization (GN) is a normalization technique for neural networks that divides channels into groups and normalizes within each, keeping accuracy stable regardless of batch size.

Group of 22

The Group of 22 was a body of former Special Organization militants whose secret June 1954 meeting in Algiers decided to launch the Algerian War of Independence.

Group of 77

The Group of 77 is the largest coalition of developing countries in the United Nations, founded in 1964 at the first UNCTAD session in Geneva and now numbering 134 members.

Group of Eight (Australian universities)

The Group of Eight (Go8) is Australia's coalition of eight research-intensive universities, formed in 1999: Adelaide, ANU, Melbourne, Monash, UNSW, Queensland, Sydney, and Western Australia. Members conduct about 70 percent of Australian university research and all rank in the QS world top 100.