All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Group Policy
Group Policy is a Microsoft Windows feature providing centralized management of operating system, application, and user settings, applied through Group Policy Objects linked in Active Directory.
Group Portrait with Lady
Group Portrait with Lady (Gruppenbild mit Dame) is a 1971 novel by Heinrich Böll about the life of Leni Pfeiffer in Germany from the 1920s to 1970.
Group Practice
Group practice: three or more physicians in a legally recognized entity sharing space, equipment, personnel, records, and income distribution. Covers forms, history, quality evidence versus solo practice, and US trends.
Group presentation
A group presentation is a description of a group by a set of generators and relators, written ⟨S | R⟩, giving a compact way to define infinite groups.
Group races
Group races are Thoroughbred horse races ranked Group 1, 2, or 3 within the European Pattern race system created in 1971, distinguishing them from Listed races and from the parallel North American Graded stakes system.
Group relative policy optimization
Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) is a reinforcement learning algorithm for large language models, introduced by DeepSeek in 2024, which replaces PPO's value network with a group-average reward baseline.
Group representation
A group representation, the subject of group representation theory, realizes an abstract group as invertible linear transformations of a vector space, with applications in chemistry, physics, and quantum mechanics.
Group ring
A group ring R[G] is a ring of formal finite sums of group elements with coefficients in a ring R; when R is a field it is a group algebra.
Group robustness optimization
Group robustness optimization, or group DRO, is a machine learning training method that minimizes worst-case loss over pre-defined groups rather than average loss, improving worst-group accuracy.
Group scheme
A group scheme is a scheme with a group structure given by morphisms for multiplication, inverse, and identity, so its points form groups for every base scheme.
Group Sense, maker of Instant-Dict electronic dictionaries
Group Sense (Group Sense (International) Limited) is a Hong Kong manufacturer founded in 1988 by Samson and Thomas Tam, known for the Instant-Dict (快译通) electronic dictionaries and listed in Hong Kong since 1993.
Group sequential design
A group sequential design is a clinical trial design allowing interim analyses with early stopping for efficacy, futility, or safety at a controlled error rate.
Group sex
Group sex: sexual encounters involving three or more participants, also called collective or group sexual activity. Distinct from swinging, polyamory, and chemsex; US lifetime prevalence under 8%; studied mainly as an HIV/STI risk environment.
Group signature
A group signature is a digital signature that lets a group member sign anonymously, with an authority able to reveal the signer. Introduced by Chaum and van Heyst in 1991.
Group Sounds
Group Sounds (グループ・サウンズ), abbreviated GS, is the Japanese boom of four-to-six-member electric-guitar bands that dominated the domestic music scene from 1967 to 1969, led by groups like the Tigers and the Spiders.
Group technology
Group technology is a manufacturing engineering methodology that groups parts with similar shapes or processing requirements into families, cutting setup times and enabling cellular manufacturing.
Group testing
Group testing is a statistical method that tests pooled samples instead of individual ones, introduced by Robert Dorfman in 1943 to screen US army conscripts for syphilis.
Group Theatre (New York)
The Group Theatre was a New York theater ensemble founded in 1931 by Lee Strasberg, Harold Clurman, and Cheryl Crawford, active until 1941 and known for popularizing the Method.
Group Theatre movement
The Group Theatre movement is a Bengali tradition of non-professional, non-commercial amateur theater marked by experiment and social purpose, begun in Bengal by the group Bohurupee.
Group theory
Group theory is the branch of mathematics studying groups, algebraic structures that capture symmetry and operations like addition, founded in Galois's 1830s work on equations.
Group velocity
Group velocity, or group speed, is the speed at which a wave packet's envelope travels, carrying its energy and signal, in contrast with the phase velocity of individual crests.
Group velocity dispersion
Group velocity dispersion, quantified by the parameter β₂, is the variation of group velocity with frequency that makes optical pulses spread as they travel through a medium or fiber.
Group-IV monochalcogenide monolayers
Group-IV monochalcogenide monolayers are single-layer two-dimensional semiconductors of a group-IV metal (Ge, Sn) and a chalcogen (S, Se, Te), with a puckered lattice like black phosphorus.
Group-specific antigen
Group-specific antigen (Gag) is the major retroviral structural polyprotein gene and product; the acronym dates to avian leukosis virus p27 capsid antigen work. Gag's MA, CA, NC, and p6 domains drive assembly, RNA packaging, and protease-mediated maturation.
Groupama Arena
Groupama Arena (Groupama Aréna), Budapest stadium opened 10 August 2014, home of Ferencvárosi TC and the Hungarian national team; 21,689 seats, UEFA Category 4, on the Üllői út site held since 1911.
Groupe Artémis
Groupe Artémis, the Pinault family's private investment holding founded in 1992 by François Pinault; owns 42.3% of Kering, plus Christie's, CAA, Château Latour, Ponant, Le Point, and the Pinault Collection.
Groupe BPCE
Groupe BPCE is a French universal cooperative banking group formed in 2009 from the merger of Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne, the second-largest in France.
Groupe Bull
Groupe Bull, also known as Compagnie des Machines Bull, is a French computing company founded in 1931 that became a leading European computer maker and now builds supercomputers and mainframes.
Groupe Dassault
Groupe Dassault is a French family holding company, organized as GIMD, that controls Dassault Aviation, Dassault Systèmes, and Le Figaro, founded by Marcel Dassault in 1929.
Groupe L'Occitane
Groupe L'Occitane is a French cosmetics group founded in Provence in 1976 by Olivier Baussan, selling skincare under eight brands, including Sol de Janeiro and ELEMIS.