All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology, also known as gastrointestinal medicine, is the medical specialty covering disorders of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, divided into luminal gastroenterology and hepatology and known for endoscopy.
Gastroenterostomy
A gastroenterostomy, including guided gastroenterostomy, is a surgical or endoscopic connection between the stomach and small intestine that bypasses the duodenum to treat gastric outlet obstruction.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, affects about 13% of people worldwide; causes heartburn, regurgitation, esophagitis, and Barrett esophagus; treated with PPIs, lifestyle change, and surgery.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding, also called GI hemorrhage, is bleeding anywhere in the digestive tract, a symptom of conditions such as peptic ulcers, diverticular disease, varices, and cancer. Classified upper or lower GI, diagnosed by endoscopy, treated with endoscopic hemostasis, embolization, or surgery.
Gastrointestinal disease
Gastrointestinal disease, also called digestive disease, covers disorders of the GI tract, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, from GERD and IBS to Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer, diagnosed by endoscopy and managed with guideline-based drug, dietary, and surgical treatment.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopes
Gastrointestinal endoscopes are instruments for visual examination of the GI tract, spanning gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes, and capsule endoscopes; evolved from Kussmaul's 1868 rigid gastroscope through fiberoptic (1957) and video (1983) designs, with reprocessing and AI now central.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy (institution)
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (GIE), the monthly peer-reviewed journal of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), published by Elsevier since 1954; companion journals VideoGIE and iGIE; Editor-in-Chief Douglas G. Adler.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (procedure)
Gastrointestinal endoscopy: endoscope-based visualization, biopsy, and treatment of the digestive tract. From Kussmaul's 1868 rigid gastroscope to fiberoptic, CCD video, and capsule endoscopes; over 7.4 million EGDs yearly in the US.
Gastrointestinal intubation
Gastrointestinal intubation is the passage of a flexible tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine, used for enteral feeding, medication, or draining gastric contents.
Gastrointestinal perforation
Gastrointestinal perforation, also called bowel or digestive tract perforation, is a full-thickness defect in a hollow GI organ leaking contents into the peritoneum, causing peritonitis; treated with resuscitation, antibiotics, and urgent surgery.
Gastrointestinal stenting
Gastrointestinal stenting is an endoscopic or radiologic procedure in which a self-expanding metal tube holds open a narrowed digestive tract, used mainly to relieve malignant obstruction and, in selected colon cancer, as a bridge to surgery.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a sarcoma arising from interstitial cells of Cajal in the GI tract wall, driven by KIT or PDGFRA mutations, diagnosed via CD117/DOG1 staining, and treated with surgery plus imatinib and later TKIs.
Gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal): the tube from mouth to anus, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, that digests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste, aided by liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
Gastrointestinal-irritant mushroom poisoning
Gastrointestinal-irritant mushroom poisoning is the most frequent form of mushroom poisoning, causing nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea that usually resolve within a day or two.
Gastrojejunostomy
Gastrojejunostomy is a surgical or endoscopic connection between the stomach and jejunum that bypasses the pylorus and duodenum, used for gastric outlet obstruction from ulcers, pancreatitis, or cancer, and as part of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Gastronauts
Gastronauts is a Dropout comedy cooking competition series (2024–) hosted by Jordan Myrick, in which three comedians set absurd challenges for three professional chefs; winners get a moon-piece trophy, with two seasons aired.
Gastronomy
Gastronomy, from Greek gaster (stomach), is the art and practice of good eating and its systematic study, defined by Brillat-Savarin; today it spans molecular gastronomy, sensory science, food pairing, AI-driven cooking, and sustainable food systems.
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis: chronic delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction, causing nausea, vomiting, and early satiety. Also called diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis; diagnosed by >10% 4-hour retention on scintigraphy.
Gastropexy
Gastropexy is a surgical procedure that permanently attaches the stomach to the abdominal wall, used in dogs to prevent gastric dilatation–volvulus and in humans for gastric volvulus.
Gastroplasty
Gastroplasty is an operation that partitions the stomach into a small pouch, used for weight loss via Vertical Banded Gastroplasty (VBG) or to lengthen a shortened esophagus.
Gastropod biostratigraphy and paleoecology
Gastropod biostratigraphy and paleoecology are two scientific uses of fossil snail assemblages: dating and correlating rock layers, and reconstructing the environments the snails lived in.
Gastropod egg masses and spawning
Gastropod egg masses and spawning is how female snails and slugs deposit eggs in gelatinous masses, capsules, or sand collars, forms that protect embryos from desiccation, predation, and temperature stress.
Gastropod embryogenesis
Gastropod embryogenesis is the development of a snail or slug embryo from fertilized egg to hatching, proceeding by spiral cleavage and studied chiefly in Crepidula, Ilyanassa, and Lymnaea.
Gastropod feeding ecology
Gastropod feeding ecology is the study of what snails and slugs eat and how they obtain it, covering grazing, suspension and deposit feeding, scavenging, and their food-web roles in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
Gastropod life-history and reproductive ecology
Gastropod life-history and reproductive ecology is the study of how sea snails and land snails reproduce, covering larval development modes, fecundity, spawning timing, larval dispersal, and lifespan differences among groups.
Gastropod life-history strategies
Gastropod life-history strategies are the combinations of growth rate, age at maturity, fecundity, and longevity a snail or slug expresses, spanning fast, high-output to slow, low-output lives.
Gastropod population and community ecology
Gastropod population and community ecology is the study of how snail and slug populations change in number and shape the plant and animal communities around them.
Gastropod predation strategies
Gastropod predation strategies are the methods carnivorous snails use to capture animal prey, including swallowing whole, apertural entry, drilling, and shell breakage, with naticid and muricid drilling a classic case of convergent evolution.
Gastropod reproductive system
The gastropod reproductive system is the set of organs that makes, transfers, and stores gametes in snails and slugs, including the ovotestis, penis, and love dart.
Gastropod shell
Gastropod shell: the spirally coiled calcium carbonate exoskeleton of snails, secreted by the mantle in three layers; typically right-handed logarithmic coiling, with over 20 structural types and 105,000 living species.