All articles starting with G
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Gauri Lankesh (ಗೌರಿ ಲಂಕೇಶ್)
Gauri Lankesh (ಗೌರಿ ಲಂಕೇಶ್), Kannada journalist and activist, editor of Lankesh Patrike and Gauri Lankesh Patrike, critic of right-wing politics, shot dead in Bengaluru on 5 September 2017; trial ongoing, no convictions as of 2025.
Gauri Mons
Gauri Mons is a 75-km-diameter mountain feature on Venus at 20.2 degrees south, 102.2 degrees east, in the Ovda Regio quadrangle V-35, named for an Indian mountain goddess and IAU-approved in 2003.
Gauri Nalawade
Gauri Nalawade (गौरी नलावडे), born 1987, is a Marathi actress famous as Vaidehi in Swapnanchya Palikadle, later in The Disciple, Godavari, Tarri, and Paach Futacha Bachchan.
Gauri Parvati Bayi
Gauri Parvati Bayi, also written Gowri Parvathi Bayi, was Regent Maharani of Travancore from 1815 to 1829, governing for her nephew Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma.
Gauri Pradhan Tejwani
Gauri Pradhan Tejwani, born 1977 in Jammu, is an Indian television actress and former model known as Nandini Virani in Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, lead of Kutumb, wife of actor Hiten Tejwani, and a 2025 Kyunki 2 returnee.
Gauri Shinde
Gauri Shinde (गौरी शिंदे), Indian director and screenwriter born 1974 in Pune, wife of R. Balki; directed English Vinglish (2012) and Dear Zindagi (2016), runs Hope Productions.
Gauricus (lunar crater)
Gauricus is an IAU-approved lunar impact crater, 79.64 km across, centered at -33.91°, -12.74° near Pitatus, about 2.37 km deep, with satellite crater Gauricus F (12.27 km).
Gauriganj
Gauriganj (गौरीगंज) is a town, tehsil, and Nagar Palika Parishad in Amethi district, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the district headquarters since the district's creation on 1 July 2010; town population 26,539 (2011), founded as a market by Raja Madho Singh of Amethi. Distinct from Gauriganj Rural Municipality in Jhapa, Nepal.
Gaurishankar (गौरीशंकर)
Gaurishankar (गौरीशंकर), also Jomo Tseringma, is a 7,135 m twin-summit peak in Nepal's Rolwaling Himal on the Tibet border, first climbed May 8, 1979 via the west face by John Roskelley and Dorje Sherpa; its South Summit fell in November 1979 to a British team.
Gauss (lunar crater)
Gauss is a 170.72-km-wide impact crater on the Moon at 36.0°N, 79.1°E, IAU-approved as Gazetteer feature 2120, with satellite feature Gauss B and LROC mosaics of its rille and west side fractures.
Gauss map
The Gauss map of an oriented surface in 3D space assigns to each point its unit normal vector on the unit sphere; its differential encodes the surface's curvature.
Gauss sum
A Gauss sum, or Gaussian sum, is a finite sum pairing a multiplicative character with an additive character, studied by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801.
Gauss–Bonnet gravity
Gauss–Bonnet gravity is an extension of general relativity adding the Gauss–Bonnet curvature invariant to the Einstein–Hilbert action; it is ghost-free and arises in string theory.
Gauss–Bonnet theorem
The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a differential geometry result stating that a compact orientable surface's total Gaussian curvature equals 2π times its Euler characteristic, connecting local curvature with global topology.
Gauss–Markov theorem
The Gauss–Markov theorem, also called the Gauss–Markov–Aitken theorem, states that under classical assumptions, ordinary least squares has the smallest variance among linear unbiased estimators, summarized as "OLS is BLUE".
Gauss–Newton algorithm
The Gauss–Newton algorithm, or Gauss–Newton method, is an iterative method for minimizing nonlinear least squares problems, solving a linear least squares step each iteration without second derivatives.
Gauss–Seidel method
The Gauss–Seidel method is an iterative method for solving linear systems, a refinement of the Jacobi method described by Ludwig Seidel in 1874 and named for him and Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Gauss's law
Gauss's law, also called Gauss's flux theorem, is a law of electromagnetism stating that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
Gaussian (software)
Gaussian is a commercial software package for electronic structure modeling and computational chemistry, first released in 1970 by John Pople's Nobel-recognized group and still among the field's most widely used codes.
Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics
Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) is an enhanced sampling method for molecular dynamics simulations, introduced by Yinglong Miao and J. Andrew McCammon as a fix to accelerated MD's reweighting problem.
Gaussian approximation (density evolution)
The Gaussian approximation is a one-dimensional simplification of density evolution, assuming decoder messages follow Gaussian distributions; introduced for LDPC codes by Chung, Richardson, and Urbanke in 2001.
Gaussian approximation potential
The Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) is a machine learning method, and code, that uses Gaussian process regression to reproduce density-functional-theory energies and forces at far lower computational cost.
Gaussian basis set
A Gaussian basis set is a collection of Gaussian-type functions centered on a molecule's atoms whose combinations represent molecular orbitals in quantum chemical calculations, proposed by S. F. Boys in 1950.
Gaussian beam
A Gaussian beam is a beam of light with a Gaussian transverse intensity profile and a waist where wavefronts are flat, the fundamental TEM00 mode of a laser resonator.
Gaussian binomial coefficient
The Gaussian binomial coefficient, or q-binomial coefficient, is a polynomial in q that counts the k-dimensional subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space over a finite field of q elements.
Gaussian blur
Gaussian blur, also called Gaussian smoothing, is an image-processing operation that replaces each pixel with a weighted average of its neighborhood, reducing noise but blurring edges.
Gaussian boson sampling
Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) is a photonic quantum computing protocol, proposed in 2017, that sends squeezed light through a linear optical interferometer and samples photon-number patterns, a #P-hard task demonstrating quantum advantage.
Gaussian copula
The Gaussian copula is a probability model that couples random variables by multivariate normal dependence while their margins stay arbitrary; it was widely used to price structured credit before the 2008 financial crisis.
Gaussian curvature
Gaussian curvature is the product of the two principal curvatures of a surface at a point. Gauss introduced it in 1827, proving it is measurable from within the surface.
Gaussian elimination
Gaussian elimination, also known as row reduction, is an algorithm that solves systems of linear equations by reducing a matrix to upper triangular form and applying back substitution.