All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of England
History of England: chronological survey from prehistoric settlement (900,000 years ago) through Roman Britain (AD 43–410), Anglo-Saxon and Norman eras, Tudor, Stuart, Georgian, Victorian periods, to the 20th century.
History of English
History of English: how West Germanic settlers' speech from around 450 AD, through contact with Celtic, Latin, Norse, and French, became the standardized global English of today, across Old, Middle, Early Modern, and Late Modern periods.
History of entropy
The history of entropy covers the concept Rudolf Clausius named in 1865, Boltzmann's statistical form S = k log W, Shannon's 1948 information entropy, and Bekenstein's 1972 black-hole entropy.
History of equity and trusts
History of equity and trusts: English equity from the Court of Chancery's clerical chancellors, and the trust from the medieval feoffment to use, through Dacre's Case, the Statute of Uses (1535/1536), the use upon a use, and the Judicature Acts 1873-1875.
History of Eritrea
History of Eritrea: Red Sea trade and Aksum, Italian colony from 1 January 1890, UN federation with Ethiopia 1950, annexation 1962, thirty-year war won by the EPLF in 1991, independence by 1993 referendum, 1998–2000 border war, 2018 peace deal, renewed tensions.
History of erotic depictions
History of erotic depictions: sexual imagery from prehistoric carvings and Roman art through Renaissance prints, photography, Art Nouveau, and censored film, plus the contested philosophical and feminist line between erotic art and pornography.
History of Eswatini
The history of Eswatini, called Swaziland until 2018, runs from the rise of the Swazi Dlamini kingdom through British colonial rule to independence on 6 September 1968.
History of ethics
The history of ethics, also called the history of morality, records philosophical attempts since the fifth century BCE to answer rationally how we should live.
History of Ethiopia
History of Ethiopia: the country's recorded past from D'mt and Aksum through the Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties, Adwa 1896, the 1974 revolution, and the 1994 ethnic federation, plus its contested historiography.
History of Europe
The history of Europe is the record of human societies on the continent, covering deep prehistory, classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era.
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thought: from Lamarck's 1809 theory and Darwin-Wallace natural selection (1858-1859) through Mendelian genetics, the eclipse of Darwinism, the 1930s-40s modern synthesis, and the extended synthesis.
History of Facebook
The history of Facebook traces the social network founded by Mark Zuckerberg at Harvard in 2004, which opened to the public in 2006 and reached one billion users by 2012.
History of fashion design
History of fashion design, from Charles Frederick Worth's Paris haute couture and the invention of the fashion show to ready-to-wear, Chanel, the 1945 couture regulations, labor history, and sustainability.
History of Federal Open Market Committee actions
The history of Federal Open Market Committee actions traces the decisions of the Fed's twelve-member rate-setting committee, from its 1933 origins through the Volcker shock and recent tightening.
History of feminism
History of feminism: organized movements for equality of the sexes, told as waves from 1848 Seneca Falls suffrage campaigning through 1960s women's liberation, 1990s third-wave intersectionality, and digital #MeToo fourth wave.
History of film
The history of film traces motion pictures from Louis Le Prince's 1888 Leeds footage and Edison's Kinetoscope through the 1895 projection pioneers, the silent era, sound, color, and digital distribution.
History of film technology
History of film technology traces motion picture equipment from Muybridge's 1878 motion photographs and the 1895 Lumière projector through sound, color, and the digital transition in capture, distribution, and exhibition.
History of Finland
History of Finland: about 650 years under Sweden, an autonomous Russian Grand Duchy 1809–1917, independence in 1917, the Winter and Continuation Wars, Cold War Finlandization, EU membership from 1995, and NATO accession on 4 April 2023.
History of firefighting
The history of firefighting, also known as the history of the fire service, traces organized fire suppression from Rome's vigiles and the Great Fire of London to publicly funded professional departments.
History of flight training
The history of flight training covers how pilots learned to fly, from pre-Wright brothers apprenticeship through the Gosport System, the Civilian Pilot Training Program, and simulator-based, competency-assessed modern instruction.
History of Florida
History of Florida: 14,000+ years of habitation, Spanish arrival under Ponce de León in 1513, St. Augustine founded 1565, British rule 1763–1783, U.S. territory 1821, statehood March 3, 1845, Civil War and Reconstruction.
History of Ford Motor Company
The history of Ford Motor Company covers the American automaker Henry Ford founded in 1903, maker of the Model T and pioneer of the moving assembly line.
History of Formula One
History of Formula One: the FIA Formula One World Championship, founded 1950 at Silverstone with Giuseppe Farina as first champion; traces regulation eras from ground effect and turbos to the 2014 hybrid and 2026 sustainable-fuel rules, safety reform after Imola 1994, and commercial growth under Liberty Media.
History of Formula One regulations
History of Formula One regulations: the FIA's technical, sporting, safety, and financial rule sets for F1 since 1950, covering engine formulas, ground effect bans, post-Imola 1994 safety rules, the 2022 ground effect era, and the 2026 rewrite.
History of France
History of France, from Roman Gaul and the Frankish, Capetian, Valois, and Bourbon monarchies through the Revolution of 1789, the Napoleonic era, the Third to Fifth Republics, including the 1958 Constitution.
History of Freemasonry
History of Freemasonry: the fraternal society organized at the 1717 London Grand Lodge, shaped by medieval stonemason roots, the 1723 Constitutions, colonial spread, anti-Masonic persecution, and modern membership decline.
History of gambling in the United States
History of gambling in the United States: colonial lotteries, 19th-century prohibition, Nevada's 1931 casino re-legalization, IGRA tribal gaming (1988), and post-2018 sports betting legalization.
History of games
History of games: the record of games as cultural artifacts, centered on board games from ancient Near East transmission (twenty squares, fifty-eight holes) to four modern production eras, Eurogames, and the 8,786-game BoardGameGeek historical-theme analysis.
History of gasoline
The history of gasoline runs from an 1860s waste byproduct of kerosene refining to the dominant US car fuel, shaped by cracking, leaded fuel, and regulation.
History of gay men in the United States
History of gay men in the United States, also called American gay male history: the record of legal repression, urban gay communities, the Lavender Scare, homophile organizing, Stonewall 1969, the AIDS epidemic, and the legal gains from Lawrence v. Texas to Obergefell.