All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of Gaza
The history of Gaza spans more than 5,000 years, from an Egyptian Bronze Age outpost to a Philistine city and a strategic gateway between Egypt and the Levant.
History of general anesthesia
History of general anesthesia: from pre-1846 speed surgery and Hanaoka's 1804 herbal anesthesia to Ether Day (October 16, 1846), the Morton–Wells–Jackson disputes, chloroform sudden death, and modern mortality under 1 in 250,000.
History of General Motors
The history of General Motors traces the American automaker William Durant founded in Detroit in 1908, from Alfred Sloan's brand ladder and market dominance to its 2009 government-backed bankruptcy.
History of general relativity
The history of general relativity covers Albert Einstein's development of the theory of gravitation between 1907 and 1915, from the equivalence principle to the 1915 field equations.
History of genetics
History of genetics: from Gregor Mendel's 1860s pea experiments and the 1900 rediscovery, through Morgan's chromosome theory, the 1953 DNA double helix, eugenics, and the Human Genome Project to CRISPR.
History of geography
The history of geography records how humans have described, mapped, and explained the Earth's surface, from Eratosthenes' measurements of around 250 BC to the modern discipline.
History of geometry
The history of geometry spans practical land measurement in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Euclid's Elements around 300 BC, and the non-Euclidean geometries of the 19th century.
History of Georgia (country)
History of Georgia (Sakartvelo): South Caucasus country's past from Colchis and Iberia, Christianization in 337, Bagratid unification and golden age under Tamar, Persian-Ottoman rivalry, Russian annexation 1801, Soviet era, and 1991 independence.
History of Germany
History of Germany: from the Holy Roman Empire (1495 reforms, dissolved 1806), Peace of Augsburg 1555, unification 1871, Nazi dictatorship and Holocaust, division, Economic Miracle, and reunification by the 1990 Unification Treaty.
History of Germany (1945–1990)
History of Germany 1945–1990: occupation by the four Allied powers, Potsdam, denazification, founding of FRG and GDR in 1949, Cold War division, Ostpolitik, and reunification on 3 October 1990 via the Two Plus Four and Unification Treaties.
History of Germany during World War I
History of Germany during World War I: the German Empire's 1914-1918 war under the Schlieffen Plan, Hindenburg Program, blockade and hunger, the 1918 revolution, and the Compiègne armistice.
History of Ghana
The history of Ghana, or Ghanaian history, runs from the medieval gold trade through four centuries of Gold Coast commerce to independence in 1957 and a cocoa-and-gold economy.
History of glass
The history of glass covers manufactured glass from silica, alkali, and lime, beginning in Mesopotamia before 1500 BC, transformed by Roman glassblowing and Pilkington's 1959 float process.
History of globalization
The history of globalization traces the world economy's growing integration through trade, migration, and capital flows, from the 1490s or the 1820s through today's slowdown since 2008.
History of Gmail
The history of Gmail covers Google's free webmail service, launched April 1, 2004 with 1 GB of free storage, from creation by Paul Buchheit to its 2026 AI era.
History of Go
History of Go (weiqi, baduk, igo): ancient Chinese board game, 3,000-4,000 years old, tied to the Emperor Yao legend; spread to Japan's Edo academies, then worldwide; AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol 4-1 in 2016.
History of Goa
History of Goa: western Indian territory ruled by the Mauryas, Kadambas, Vijayanagara, and Bijapur before Portuguese rule from 1510 to the 1961 Indian annexation and 1987 statehood.
History of gold
The history of gold runs from the oldest worked gold at Varna, Bulgaria, through Lydian coinage and the 1848 California rush to the end of the gold standard in 1971.
History of golf
History of golf: a stick-and-ball game that took form in 15th-century Scotland, first recorded in a 1457 parliamentary ban, given its first rules in 1744 and its 18-hole standard at St Andrews in 1764.
History of Google
History of Google traces the company founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998 from a Stanford search engine project to its 2015 reorganization under Alphabet.
History of gravitational theory
The history of gravitational theory traces how ideas of gravity developed from Aristotle and Galileo to Newton's 1687 law of universal gravitation, Einstein's 1915 general relativity, and gravitational waves.
History of Greece
History of Greece: the historical record of the Greek world from Mycenaean Bronze Age Greece (ca. 1750–1050 BC) through Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman rule to the modern state founded after the 1821 war of independence and recognized in 1830.
History of Greenland
History of Greenland: Paleo-Eskimo cultures (Independence I, Saqqaq, Dorset), Norse settlement from 985 by Erik the Red until about 1450, Thule Inuit arrival around 1200, Danish colonization from 1721, and Home Rule (1979) and Self-Government (2009).
History of Grenada
History of Grenada: the southernmost Windward island, Kalinago Camáhogne, sighted by Columbus 1498, French colony from 1649, British from 1783, independent 1974, Maurice Bishop's 1979 revolution and the 1983 US intervention.
History of Guam
Guam is a Pacific island that has been an unincorporated U.S. territory since 1898. The Organic Act of 1950 conferred U.S. citizenship and established its current government.
History of Guatemala
History of Guatemala: Maya civilization (Classic Period 250–900 CE), Spanish conquest by Pedro de Alvarado 1523–24, independence 1821, Rafael Carrera's conservative rule, the 1944–54 revolution and CIA-backed coup, the 1960–1996 civil war with over 200,000 dead, and the 1996 peace accords.
History of Guinea
History of Guinea: from Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Batè, Wassolon and Futa-Jallon, through French conquest and colony, to independence under Sékou Touré in 1958, his 1958–1984 single-party rule, and the country's sources and historiography.
History of Gujarat
History of Gujarat: the northwestern Indian coastal region named for the Gujar tribes, spanning Harappan Dholavira and Lothal, Hindu kingdoms, the Gujarat Sultanate, Mughal and Maratha rule, British rule, and statehood in 1960.
History of gunpowder
The history of gunpowder (火药) spans a millennium: first recorded in China in 808, transmitted westward by the Mongols, and the world's principal explosive until smokeless powders.
History of Haiti
The History of Haiti details the island's evolution from the Taíno people and French Saint-Domingue to its independence in 1804, which established the world's first Black republic.