All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of insurance
The history of insurance runs from Babylonian bottomry loans around 1750 B.C. through 14th-century Italian marine policies to a global industry writing nearly $7.2 trillion in annual premiums.
History of inter-state arbitration
The history of inter-state arbitration traces the settlement of disputes between states by binding tribunals, from the Jay Treaty of 1794 to a documented decline after 1945.
History of international law
The history of international law examines how law governing relations between states developed, from ancient Mesopotamian treaties through Grotius's 1625 treatise to the Westphalian treaties of 1648.
History of international law periodicals
The history of international law periodicals runs from the first journal, founded in Ghent in 1869, through the American Journal of International Law in 1907 to rapid growth in the 1990s.
History of Iran
History of Iran: chronology of the Iranian plateau from the Medes, Achaemenids, and Sasanians through Safavid Shi'ism (1501), the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, Pahlavi rule, and the 1979 Islamic Republic.
History of Iraq
History of Iraq: 10,000 years from ancient Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylon, Assyria) through Abbasid Baghdad, Ottoman rule, the British-created state of 1921, monarchy, Saddam Hussein's wars, and post-2003 conflict and oil dependence.
History of Ireland
The history of Ireland covers human life on the island from the first settlers after the last ice age through Gaelic kingdoms, Norman conquest, and partition in 1921 into the Republic and Northern Ireland.
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
History of Ireland (1801–1923): Ireland under the Act of Union, the Great Famine, Land War and Home Rule, then the Easter Rising, War of Independence, 1921 Treaty, partition and Civil War ending with the Irish Free State.
History of Islam
The history of Islam, also called Islamic or Muslim history, traces the religion from Muhammad's seventh-century Arabian preaching through caliphates, law, and expansion to today's 1.8 billion-plus believers.
History of Israel
History of Israel (Hebrew: היסטוריה של מדינת ישראל): from ancient Israelite kingdoms and the Merneptah stele through Zionism, the 1948 declaration by Ben-Gurion, the 1948 and 1967 wars, and contested modern historiography.
History of Istanbul
The history of Istanbul traces the city from its Greek founding as Byzantion, through Constantine's capital Constantinople in 330, to the Ottoman conquest of 1453 and rule until 1923.
History of Italy
History of Italy: from Roman political unity, the 476 collapse of the Western Roman Empire, medieval communes and Renaissance states, foreign dominations, the Risorgimento unification of 1861, to Fascism and the 1946 Republic.
History of iTunes
The history of iTunes covers Apple's media player, introduced January 9, 2001 and built from SoundJam MP, and its 2003 iTunes Music Store, until macOS Catalina split it into separate apps in 2019.
History of Jainism
The history of Jainism traces an Indian śramaṇa religion founded on Mahavira's teaching in the eastern Ganges basin in the fifth century BCE, through its late-written canon, the Digambara–Śvetāmbara schism, and royal patronage.
History of Jakarta
The history of Jakarta begins with the 12th-century seaport Kalapa, renamed Jayakarta in 1527, then Dutch Batavia in 1619, the capital of the Dutch East Indies for over 300 years.
History of Jamaica
History of Jamaica: the Caribbean island's past from Taíno settlement and Columbus's 1494 arrival through Spanish and English rule (1655), two centuries of slavery, and independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962 under its motto "Out of Many, One People."
History of Japan
History of Japan: the archipelago's past from Jomon hunter-gatherers through Yayoi rice farming, Yamato unification, Heian court culture, Kamakura and Tokugawa shogunates, the 1868 Meiji Restoration, modernization, war, and postwar Heisei and Reiwa eras.
History of Japan–Korea relations
History of Japan–Korea relations: two millennia of exchange, Japan's 1910–45 colonial rule of Korea, the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations with settlement funds, and later disputes over forced labor, comfort women, and Dokdo.
History of Jehovah's Witnesses
History of Jehovah's Witnesses traces the denomination from Russell's 1870 Pittsburgh Bible study group and the 1879 Watch Tower to the name's 1931 adoption in Columbus, Ohio.
History of Jersey
History of Jersey: Channel Island, a Crown Dependency under the British Crown, not part of the UK. Defined by 1204 Norman separation, centuries of crown rule off France, and the German occupation 1940-1945 ending in liberation on 9 May 1945.
History of Jerusalem
History of Jerusalem: ancient Israelite capital, holy to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; ruled by Babylonians, Romans, Muslims, Crusaders, Ottomans, and Britain; divided 1948–1967, reunified by Israel in 1967.
History of Jin
The History of Jin (金史) is the official dynastic history of the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115 to 1234), completed in 1344 after a long legitimacy dispute.
History of journalism in Poland
The history of journalism in Poland begins with the first Polish-language print publication in 1501 and the first periodical, Merkuriusz Polski, in 1661, followed by the first continuous newspaper, Nowiny Polskie, in 1729.
History of Kac–Moody algebra theory
The history of Kac–Moody algebra theory traces the infinite-dimensional Lie algebras defined independently by Victor Kac and Robert Moody in 1967–68, through Macdonald's identities and physics applications.
History of Karabakh
History of Karabakh, also rendered Tarikh-e Qarabagh, is an 1847 Persian chronicle of the Karabakh khanate written by former vizier Mirza Jamal Javanshir for the Russian viceroyalty of the Caucasus.
History of Karnataka
History of Karnataka, the Kannada-speaking region of southwest India: from Ashokan edicts (3rd century BC) and the Kadambas of Banavasi (c. 345 CE) through the Badami Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas and Vijayanagara, to Mysore State's 1956 unification and renaming as Karnataka in 1973.
History of Kashmir
History of Kashmir: three millennia from Kalhana's Rajatarangini and ancient dynasties through the Shah-Miri sultanate, Dogra rule 1846-1947, the contested 1947 accession, wars, the Line of Control, and the 2019 abrogation of Article 370.
History of Kazakhstan
History of Kazakhstan: the record of human settlement on the Eurasian steppe, from Paleolithic and Bronze Age cultures through the Kazakh Khanate, Russian and Soviet rule, and independent Kazakhstan, including the Semipalatinsk nuclear legacy and voluntary disarmament.
History of Kenya
History of Kenya: human origins at Koobi Fora and Turkana Boy, Swahili coast city-states, British rule 1895-1963, the Mau Mau Emergency 1952-60, independence 12 December 1963, one-party rule, 2010 Constitution, and contested Mau Mau memory.
History of Kerala
History of Kerala: the Malabar coast's past from the ancient spice port of Muziris and Chera rule through Portuguese, Dutch, and British eras, the princely states of Travancore and Cochin, matrilineal society, and the state's formation on 1 November 1956.