All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
Human behavior
Human behavior is the range of organism activities in response to internal or external stimuli, studied via behaviorism, social cognitive theory, ecological models, and behavior genetics, and applied in public health policy.
Human blood group systems
Human blood group systems are ISBT-recognized sets of red cell antigens controlled by single genes or linked homologous genes; 49 systems, 400 antigens, ABO and Rh clinically dominant, first described by Landsteiner in 1900.
Human bocavirus
Human bocavirus (HBoV), a parvovirus genus Bocavirus discovered in 2005 by Allander in Stockholm, infects mainly infants 6-24 months; HBoV1 respiratory, HBoV2-4 enteric, high coinfection rates.
Human body
Human body: the physical structure of a human organism, studied via anatomy and physiology. Six levels of organization, eleven organ systems, homeostatic control, tens of trillions of cells, and modern cell atlas projects like HuBMAP and the Human Cell Atlas.
Human body weight
Human body weight is the total mass of the body, including muscle, bone, fat, and water. Assessed via BMI (weight/height²), waist circumference, and body composition; obesity at BMI 30+, malnutrition at BMI under 18.5 or 10% unintentional loss.
Human bonding
Human bonding is the formation of selective, enduring emotional connections, studied chiefly through Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory, Harlow's primate work, oxytocin research, pair-bond evolution, cross-cultural variation, and health effects of secure versus disrupted bonds.
Human brain
Human brain: the three-pound central organ of the human nervous system, with about 100 billion nerve cells, an 80-percent-of-volume cortex, a restrictive blood-brain barrier, and a threefold size increase over two million years of hominin evolution.
Human brain mapping
Human brain mapping: measuring and charting human brain structure and function with PET, fMRI, EEG, MEG, and related methods; also a Wiley neuroimaging journal founded in 1993.
Human Brain Project
The Human Brain Project was Europe's largest brain research initiative, running from 2013 to 2023 with a goal of simulating the human brain on a supercomputer.
Human branding
Human branding is burning a permanent mark into human skin with a heated iron, historically used to mark enslaved people, punish and identify offenders, and cauterize wounds; today legally restricted and still seen in faith-healer abuse.
Human cannibalism
Human cannibalism (anthropophagy) is the eating of human flesh by humans, documented archaeologically from Homo antecessor at Gran Dolina 850,000 years ago through Neanderthal sites like Goyet and Moula-Guercy, and linked to kuru prion disease in Papua New Guinea.
Human capital
Human capital is the stock of productive skills, knowledge, and health embodied in people, treated in economics as capital; each additional year of schooling returns about 9–10% in earnings.
Human capital flight
Human capital flight, or brain drain, is the emigration of skilled professionals such as doctors, engineers, and scientists, typically from lower-wage to higher-wage countries. Related terms include brain gain and brain circulation; it can reduce origin-country growth, offset partly by remittances and return migration.
Human Cell Atlas
The Human Cell Atlas is an international research consortium mapping every cell type in the human body, co-founded in 2016 by Aviv Regev and Sarah Teichmann.
Human challenge study
A human challenge study, also called a controlled human infection study, deliberately infects volunteers with a known pathogen dose to test vaccines and treatments quickly.
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the pregnancy hormone, is a placental glycoprotein with alpha and beta subunits that maintains the corpus luteum, marks trophoblastic and some other tumors, and anchors all pregnancy testing.
Human Clay
Human Clay, Creed's second studio album (September 28, 1999, Wind-Up), produced by John Kurzweg; Diamond-certified, Billboard 200 No.1 for 104 weeks, with "Higher" and "With Arms Wide Open."
Human cloning
Human cloning: SCNT-based copying of humans, split into reproductive and therapeutic aims. No human has been cloned; Dolly (1996) proved the method, but low efficiency, epigenetic failures, and bans keep human cloning unrealized.
Human computer
A human computer was a person employed to perform mathematical calculations by hand, a job recorded since 1613 and lasting at NASA into the 1950s and beyond.
Human condition
The human condition (conditio humana) is the shared set of circumstances of human existence, mortality, meaning, suffering, and freedom, as treated by philosophy, religion, and Arendt's 1958 study.
Human coronavirus 229E
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is an alphacoronavirus that causes common colds; recovered in 1966 at the University of Chicago, it accounts for 15–30% of adult colds.
Human coronavirus HKU1
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is one of the four seasonal human coronaviruses circulating worldwide, discovered in Hong Kong in 2005, causing typically mild winter respiratory illness and sometimes pneumonia.
Human coronavirus NL63
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), an alphacoronavirus discovered in the Netherlands in 2004, is one of four endemic human coronaviruses; it uses the ACE2 receptor, diverged from HCoV-229E in the 11th century, and is linked to croup in children.
Human coronavirus OC43
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a betacoronavirus, Embecovirus, first isolated in 1967; one of four seasonal common-cold coronaviruses using 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors, likely emerging from bovine coronavirus around 1890, and neurotropic in humans.
Human Design
Human Design is a self-knowledge system combining Western astrology, the I Ching, Kabbalah, and the chakra system into a birth-data diagram called the bodygraph, set out by Ra Uru Hu in 1992.
Human Development
Human development is the continuous change in physiological and psychological functions across the whole lifespan, studied as lifespan developmental psychology and a multidisciplinary perspective, from Tetens (1777) to modern life-span theory and WHO life course health policy.
Human development (economics)
Human development (economics) is an approach defining development as enlarging people's choices, measured by the Human Development Index created by Mahbub ul Haq in 1990.
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is UNDP's composite measure of a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living, combining life expectancy, schooling, and log GNI per capita by geometric mean; introduced in 1990 by Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen's capabilities approach.
Human Development Report
The Human Development Report is an annual UNDP publication, first published in 1990 under Mahbub ul Haq, that introduced the Human Development Index measuring health, education, and income.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system: GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus) plus liver, pancreas, gallbladder; breaks food into amino acids, fatty acids, sugars; peristalsis, hormones, gut bacteria.