All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
Human Diversity Foundation
Human Diversity Foundation (HDF), also Human Diversity Foundation LLC, is a private company founded by Emil Kirkegaard in 2022 that funds scientific racism research and media such as Aporia, funded by $1.3 million from Andrew Conru.
Human echolocation
Human echolocation: using reflected sound, especially self-generated mouth clicks, to sense silent objects. Practiced by some blind people and trainable by sighted people; term coined 1944; 10-week training studies show broad learning.
Human ecology
Human ecology is the interdisciplinary study of relationships between humans and their environments, arising in the early 1900s from biology, anthropology, and sociology; known for the Chicago School, the POET model, and sustainability research.
Human embryonic development
Human embryonic development: fertilization to end of week 8, 23 Carnegie stages, implantation about day 6, gastrulation day 14, organogenesis days 21–57; distinct from fetal period and from clinical gestational dating.
Human enhancement
Human enhancement: technology-based interventions improving human capabilities beyond normal functioning, contrasted with therapy; spans physical, cognitive, moral, and longevity enhancement, governed by the Oviedo Convention and OECD frameworks.
Human Events
Human Events: American conservative political publication founded February 1944 in Washington, D.C. by Felix Morley and Frank Hanighen; print ceased 2013, now digital-only, owned by Salem Media Group, rated Right bias with Mixed factuality.
Human evolution
Human evolution: the roughly six-million-year process by which Homo sapiens arose from apelike ancestors in Africa, studied through fossils, archaeology, and genetics; key traits include bipedalism over 4 Ma, toolmaking, and recent interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Human extinction
Human extinction is the end of the human species, studied as existential risk, a term Nick Bostrom coined in 2002. Natural background rate is below 1 in 870,000 per year; anthropogenic risks include nuclear war, AI, and engineered pathogens.
Human eye
The human eye is the paired sensory organ that focuses light onto the retina, converting it into electrical signals sent through the optic nerve to the brain.
Human factors
Human factors (human factors and ergonomics, HFE) is the science of designing systems around human capabilities and limitations. It emerged in World War II; HFES was founded in 1957 and publishes the journal Human Factors (1958).
Human factors in aviation
Human factors in aviation is the application of knowledge about human abilities and limitations to aviation equipment, environments, and jobs, spanning flight operations, air traffic control, and maintenance.
Human feces
Human feces (stool): bowel waste, 75% water, formed as the colon absorbs ~90% of 1.5–2 L daily ileal effluent; classified by the Bristol Stool Chart, used in stool tests, FMT products, and sanitation.
Human female sexuality
Human female sexuality covers women's sexual desire, response, orientation, pleasure, and reproduction. Key distinctions: concealed-estrus debate, circular response model, sociocultural orgasm gap, and the shift from linear Masters-Johnson models.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (1990 c. 37), UK statute regulating embryos and gametes, establishing the HFEA, licensing IVF and embryo research, with the 14-day rule, amended by the 2008 Act.
Human fertilization
Human fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg forming a diploid zygote, via zona pellucida binding, IZUMO1-JUNO adhesion, PLCζ calcium oscillations, and polyspermy blocks, in vivo or by IVF.
Human Figure Riding a Dragon
Human Figure Riding a Dragon (人物御龙帛画, Silk Painting of a Man Riding on a Dragon) is a Warring States silk painting from a Chu tomb at Zidanku, Changsha, China's oldest surviving portrait painting on silk.
Human Figure with Dragon and Phoenix
A Warring States silk painting unearthed in 1949 from a Chu tomb at Changsha, showing a noblewoman with a dragon and phoenix guiding her soul upward.
Human Frontier Science Program
The Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) is an international program funding basic research in the life sciences through grants and postdoctoral fellowships, based in Strasbourg, France.
Human genetic enhancement
Human genetic enhancement is genome editing to improve capacities beyond the normal range, distinct from therapy. Also called germline enhancement or designer babies; regulators restrict trials to treatment and prevention of disease.
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation: DNA sequence differences among people and populations. Genomes are ~99.6% identical; typical genome has ~5 million SNVs, ~600,000 indels, ~25,000 structural variants; cataloged by 1000 Genomes and pangenome projects.
Human genetics
Human genetics: the study of inherited variation in humans, spanning molecular, clinical, population, and statistical genetics. Distinguished from Medical Genetics (MeSH) and from the Springer journal Human Genetics (ISSN 0340-6717, founded 1964 as Humangenetik).
Human genome
Human genome: the complete human DNA instruction set, about 3 billion base pairs in 46 chromosomes with 20,000–25,000 genes; sequenced by the Human Genome Project (1990–2003, 92%) and fully completed by the T2T consortium in 2022.
Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project (HGP): international 1990-2003 effort led by NIH's NHGRI and DOE to sequence the 3-billion-letter human genome for $2.7 billion, with Bermuda Principles open data and ELSI ethics research; completed ahead of schedule, later completed gaplessly by T2T in 2022.
Human Genome Sciences
Human Genome Sciences was a Rockville, Maryland biotechnology company founded in 1992 by William Haseltine, whose lupus drug Benlysta was the first new lupus therapy in over 50 years.
Human genomics
Human genomics studies the human genome's sequence, variation, and function, from the 1990 Human Genome Project and 2003 draft (15% incomplete) to next-generation and long-read sequencing, 41 national genome projects, precision medicine, and equity challenges.
Human geography
Human geography is one of geography's two major branches, alongside physical geography, studying how people's lives and activities are arranged spatially, with subfields including cultural, economic, political, and urban geography.
Human habitat
Human habitat: the conditions in which people live, including villages, towns, and cities requiring environmental management. Also called human settlements; over half of humanity is urban, with 1.1 billion in informal settlements.
Human hair color
Human hair color is produced by two melanin pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin, whose quantity and ratio make hair appear black, brown, blond, red, or gray.
Human hair growth
Human hair growth: the cyclical production of keratin fibers by hair follicles through anagen, catagen, telogen, and exogen phases. Scalp hair grows about 0.35 mm/day; anagen is roughly 90% of the cycle; androgens, DHT, minoxidil, and finasteride regulate it.
Human head
Human head: uppermost body region containing the brain, sensory organs, and the 22-bone skull (cranium), divided into neurocranium and viscerocranium; covers anatomy, development, variation, and head injury.