All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
Improper integral
An improper integral, or improper Riemann integral, extends the definite integral to unbounded intervals or unbounded integrands, defined as a limit that either converges or diverges.
Improved cookstove
An improved cookstove is a cooking stove that replaces open fires and rudimentary stoves by burning biomass fuel more completely, reducing fuel use, smoke, and health harm.
Improved Mobile Telephone Service
Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) was a pre-cellular analog radiotelephone system in the United States, introduced in 1964, that gave car phones direct dialing before cellular service replaced it.
Improved Outer Tactical Vest
Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV): U.S. Army body armor vest replacing the Outer Tactical Vest in the Interceptor system. Fielded from 2007; side-opening, quick-release, 11 sizes, about 3 pounds lighter, with ESAPI/ESBI rifle plates and Gen II-IV variants.
Improvisation
Improvisation, also known as extemporisation or improvising, is the creation of performance without a prepared script, traceable to Viola Spolin's Theater Games in 1930s Chicago.
Improvisational theatre
Improvisational theatre (improv, impro): unscripted live performance creating scenes and dialogue on the spot. Modern form founded via Viola Spolin's theater games, the 1955 Compass Players, The Second City, and Keith Johnstone's Theatresports; spans short-form games, longform like the Harold, and applied improv in education and healthcare.
Improvised explosive device
An improvised explosive device (IED), often called a roadside bomb or homemade bomb, is a cheap, simply designed bomb made from commercial products or military munitions.
Improvised firearm
An improvised firearm, also known as an improvised gun or Paliuntod, is a gun made by hand from materials like pipe and scrap metal rather than manufactured industrially.
Impulse (physics)
Impulse in physics is the product of a force and the time it acts, or the integral of a varying force, and it equals the object's change in momentum.
Impulse (TV series)
Impulse (2018-2019) is a YouTube Red/Premium sci-fi drama, spin-off of Jumper, based on Steven Gould's third Jumper novel, starring Maddie Hasson as teleporting teen Henry Coles; two seasons, canceled 2020.
Impulse excitation technique
The impulse excitation technique (IET) is a nondestructive test, standardized as ASTM E1876, that measures a material's elastic moduli and damping by striking a specimen and analyzing its resonant vibrations.
Impulse oscillometry
Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is a lung function test that measures respiratory resistance and reactance during tidal breathing, useful for young children and patients who cannot perform spirometry.
Impulse response
The impulse response, also called the impulse response function, is the output of a system to a unit impulse; with convolution, it completely describes a linear time-invariant system.
Impulse Space
Impulse Space is an American in-space mobility company founded in 2021 in Redondo Beach, California, by Tom Mueller, SpaceX's first employee, building spacecraft that move payloads between orbits.
Impulse turbine
An impulse turbine is a turbine in which the entire pressure drop of the working fluid occurs in stationary nozzles, with zero pressure change across the rotor blades.
Impulse-based dynamics
Impulse-based dynamics is a method for simulating rigid body motion in which contact and joint constraints are resolved by applying impulses rather than computing constraint forces.
Impulse! Records
Impulse! Records: American jazz label founded 1960-61 by Creed Taylor under ABC-Paramount, home of John Coltrane ("the house that Trane built"), now a Universal Music Group reissue imprint with new signings such as Shabaka and Brandee Younger.
Impulsive gravitational wave
An impulsive gravitational wave is an exact solution of general relativity where the entire gravitational radiation is concentrated on a single null hypersurface, with delta-function curvature.
Impulsive noise blanking
Impulsive noise blanking is a receiver technique that detects samples hit by short, high-energy noise bursts and sets them to zero, used in HF radio and power line communication receivers.
Impulsivity
Impulsivity, also called impulsiveness, is the tendency toward rapid, unplanned actions with diminished regard for negative consequences. Measured multidimensionally via the BIS-11 and UPPS-P trait scales and behavioral tasks like delay discounting, Go/No-Go, and Stop-Signal; linked to ADHD, addictions, bipolar and borderline personality disorders.
Impunzi Complex
The Impunzi Complex, also written iMpunzi, is a coal mining complex in the Witbank coalfield of Mpumalanga, South Africa, managed by Glencore and held with African Rainbow Minerals, producing export thermal coal near eMalahleni.
Impurity radiation
Impurity radiation is the emission of light by non-fuel atoms and ions in a fusion plasma, cooling the core but deliberately used at the plasma edge to spread exhaust heat away from the divertor targets.
Impurity scattering
Impurity scattering is the elastic scattering of charge carriers by impurity atoms in a crystal, a principal limit on carrier mobility in doped semiconductors, especially at low temperature.
Imputation (statistics)
Imputation, also called data imputation, is the statistical process of replacing missing values in a dataset with substituted values so analyses can proceed on complete records.
IMR-32
IMR-32 (ATCC CCL-127, CVCL_0346) is a continuous human neuroblastoma cell line established in 1967 from a 13-month-old boy, hyperdiploid, MYCN-amplified with 1p deletion, and a standard model of high-risk neuroblastoma.
IMR-90
IMR-90 (Institute for Medical Research-90), ATCC CCL-186, is a finite human fetal lung diploid fibroblast cell line derived in 1975 from a 16-week female fetus for the NIA Aging Cell Repository, a standard model for cellular aging and senescence.
IMRAD
IMRAD is a common structure for scientific journal articles, dividing them into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections; leading medical journals fully adopted it between 1975 and 1985.
Imran Abbas (سید عمران عباس نقوی)
Imran Abbas (سید عمران عباس نقوی), Pakistani actor and former model born 1982, architect trained at NCA Lahore; known for Khuda Aur Mohabbat, Bollywood films Creature 3D and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil, and a 2024 move into real estate.
Imran Farhat (عمران فرحت)
Imran Farhat (عمران فرحت), born 1982 in Lahore, is a Pakistani former left-handed opening batsman who played internationally from 2001 to 2013, then became a coach.
Imran Hakim
Imran Hakim is a Bolton-born optometrist and entrepreneur who founded Hakim Group, which grew from a 2002 Bolton practice to more than 500 opticians across the UK and Ireland.