All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
Implicit Q-Learning
Implicit Q-Learning (IQL) is an offline reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Ilya Kostrikov, Ashvin Nair, and Sergey Levine in October 2021, achieving state-of-the-art results on D4RL.
Implicit solvation
Implicit solvation is a computational method that treats the solvent around a solute as a continuous medium, folding its effect into a solvation free energy.
Implicit surface
An implicit surface is a surface in space defined as the set of points where a scalar function f takes a fixed value, conventionally f(x, y, z) = 0.
Implicit-association test
The implicit-association test (IAT), introduced by Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz in 1998, measures implicit attitudes and stereotypes via response-time differences. Meta-analyses show weak predictive validity (r about .27) and negligible incremental validity over self-report, making it a contested but widely used research tool.
Implied volatility
Implied volatility is the volatility figure that, plugged into an option pricing model like Black–Scholes, makes the model price match an option's observed market price.
Imploding the Mirage
Imploding the Mirage is the Killers' sixth studio album, released August 21, 2020 on Island Records, produced by Shawn Everett and Jonathan Rado, first LP without Dave Keuning, Metascore 76.
Implosion (mechanical process)
An implosion is the sudden inward collapse of a structure or body when external pressure exceeds its internal support, the mechanical opposite of an explosion; examples include crushed submarines, vacuum vessels, and collapsing stars.
Implosion-type nuclear weapon
An implosion-type nuclear weapon is a fission bomb design in which high explosives compress a subcritical pit of plutonium or uranium into a supercritical chain reaction.
Implosive consonant
Implosive consonants are glottalic ingressive stop consonants, IPA [ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ], mostly voiced, in about 13-14% of languages; phonologically they often pattern with sonorants rather than obstruents.
Imply (company)
Imply Data, Inc. is a Burlingame, California software company founded in 2015 by the original creators of Apache Druid (Fangjin Yang, Gian Merlino, Vadim Ogievetsky), selling Polaris, Enterprise, and Lumi; it raised $100M Series D in 2022 at a $1.1B valuation and remains private. Not the Brazilian Imply technology firm founded 2003.
Import
An import is a good or service brought in from the rest of the world, augmenting a country's material resources; world imports reached about $33.7 trillion in 2025.
Import Export (Импорт-экспорт)
Import Export (Импорт-экспорт), also styled Import/Export, is Ulrich Seidl's 2007 Austrian-French-German drama, in Cannes competition, about Ukrainian nurse Olga migrating to Austria and Viennese Pauli traveling to Ukraine.
Import quota
An import quota is a government limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported during a specified period, enforced through licenses, customs thresholds, or tariff-rate quotas.
Import substitution industrialization
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a development strategy in which a country builds domestic production of goods it formerly imported, using tariffs, exchange controls, and subsidized credit.
Importance sampling
Importance sampling is a Monte Carlo variance-reduction technique that estimates expectations under a target distribution using samples from a proposal distribution, weighted to correct the change of measure.
Importance–performance analysis
Importance–performance analysis (IPA) is a survey-based management method, introduced by Martilla and James in 1977, that plots attributes on a four-quadrant grid to guide improvement priorities.
Important Industries Control Law
The Important Industries Control Law (重要産業統制法) was a Japanese statute of 1931 that let the government compel firms to obey cartel agreements in major industries, a prototype of later industrial policy.
Importin beta family
Importin beta family (karyopherin-β): eukaryotic nuclear transport receptors, 95–145 kDa HEAT-repeat proteins with RanGTP-binding IBN_N domains; 14 members in yeast, about 20 in humans, split into importins, exportins, and bidirectional receptors, conserved since the LECA.
Importin subunit alpha
Importin subunit alpha (karyopherin alpha, KPNA): adaptor protein of classical nuclear import, binding NLS cargoes and importin beta via an IBB domain and 10 ARM repeats; seven human isoforms with cargo specificity, linked to cancer and viral import.
Imposex
Imposex: masculinization of female marine gastropods (penis, vas deferens) caused by tributyltin antifouling biocides; used as a bioindicator of TBT pollution, declining after the 2008 IMO ban.
Imposition
Imposition is the printing step of arranging pages on a press sheet so that, once printed, folded, and trimmed, they fall into correct reading order in the finished book or pamphlet.
Imposition of Twelver Shi'ism
The imposition of Twelver Shi'ism (مذهب شیعه دوازدهامامی) was the Safavid dynasty's policy, begun by Shah Isma'il I in 1501, making Twelver Shi'ism the official religion of largely Sunni Iran.
Impossible color
Impossible colors are color percepts, such as reddish green or the laboratory color olo, that no light spectrum can produce; they arise from opponent-process color coding or direct cone stimulation.
Impossible early galaxies
Impossible early galaxies are galaxies seen so soon after the Big Bang that their mass seems impossible under standard cosmology, a problem named in 2015 and sharpened by JWST.
Impossible Foods
Impossible Foods: Redwood City, California plant-based meat company founded in 2011 by Pat Brown; maker of the Impossible Burger, whose signature soy leghemoglobin heme ingredient is fermented in engineered yeast.
Impossible object
Impossible object (impossible figure, undecidable figure): a 2D drawing the visual system reads as a 3D object that cannot exist, as in the Penrose triangle; impossibility lies in the observer's interpretation, studied since Reutersvärd's 1934 tribar and the Penroses' 1958 paper.
Impossible trinity
The impossible trinity, or inconsistent trinity, holds that a country cannot have a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and independent monetary policy all at once.
Impossibles
Impossibles, also Impossibles Beach, is the fast, technical barrel section of the Jeffreys Bay right-hand point break in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, between Supertubes and Tubes, breaking close to rocks; a separate Bali surf break shares the name.
Imposters (film)
Imposters (2026 film), also known simply as Imposters, is Caleb J. Phillips's SXSW Midnighter sci-fi horror debut starring Jessica Rothe and Charlie Barnett, about a mother who retrieves her taken baby from a mysterious cave.
Imposters (TV series)
Imposters is a Bravo dark comedy-drama (2017–2018) created by Adam Brooks and Paul Adelstein, starring Inbar Lavi as con artist Maddie pursued by her three victims, canceled after two seasons.