All articles starting with I

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) was a US university consortium, supported by the National Science Foundation since 1984, that merged with UNAVCO in 2023 to form the EarthScope Consortium.

Incorporation (business)

Incorporation (business) is the legal process of creating a corporation by filing Articles of Incorporation with a state, producing limited liability, perpetual existence, and stock-based financing; compare S corp and C corp taxation and UK Companies House registration.

Oct 22, 2026

Incorporation of Silesia into the Bohemian Crown

The incorporation of Silesia into the Bohemian Crown was the act of 7 April 1348 by which Charles IV joined Silesia to the Crown of Bohemia.

Incorporation of the Bill of Rights

Incorporation of the Bill of Rights is the Supreme Court doctrine applying most first ten amendments to state and local governments via the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, from Barron v. Baltimore (1833) through Gitlow, Gideon, McDonald, and Timbs, with grand jury and civil jury exceptions.

Incorruptibility

Incorruptibility is the preservation of a dead person's body from normal decay, reported among Catholic saints; the Church does not count it as a miracle for sainthood.

INCOSE

INCOSE (International Council on Systems Engineering) is a global not-for-profit membership organization for systems engineering. Founded in 1990, it has over 27,000 members and publishes the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook.

Incoterms

Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are 11 ICC-issued trade rules, first published 1936, latest edition Incoterms 2020 (effective 1 January 2020), defining seller and buyer obligations, costs, and risk transfer in international sales contracts; seven rules suit any transport mode, four suit sea and inland waterway.

iNCOVACC (BBV154)

iNCOVACC (BBV154) is Bharat Biotech's chimpanzee adenovirus 36-vectored intranasal COVID-19 vaccine encoding prefusion-stabilized ancestral spike, approved in India in 2022 as a two-dose primary series and heterologous booster for adults 18+.

Increase Mather

Increase Mather was an American Congregational minister in Boston and president of Harvard College who helped end the use of spectral evidence at the Salem witch trials.

Increased appetite

Increased appetite (ICD-11 MG43.9; hyperphagia, polyphagia) is an intermittent or persistent excess desire to eat versus an individual's norm. Causes include hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypoglycemia, anxiety, bulimia, and drugs such as corticosteroids.

Increased cerebrospinal fluid production

Increased cerebrospinal fluid production (ICD-11 8D64.00), overproduction of CSF by the choroid plexus, chiefly in choroid plexus papilloma, causing communicating hydrocephalus; documented outputs up to 5 L/day.

Increased energy

Increased energy (ICD-11 MB22.4) is a symptom of unusually high felt energy availability, seen in manic and hypomanic episodes and in thyrotoxicosis, and distinct from fatigue as a separate construct.

Oct 20, 2026

Increased goal-directed activity

Increased goal-directed activity (ICD-11 MB22.5) is a core mania symptom required with mood change in DSM-5 and ICD-11 criterion A; its addition cut STEP-BD mania/hypomania prevalence by 48% without changing 1-year outcomes.

Increased libido

Increased libido (ICD-11 MB22.6) is a symptom: sexual desire or activity above the patient's own baseline. Distinct from hypersexuality/CSBD; caused by dopaminergic drugs, mania, brain lesions, SSRIs.

Increased sociability

Increased sociability (社交性の亢進) is an ICD-11 symptom category, code MB23.C, in which normal social inhibitions are diminished, producing an increased impulse to talk to others and overfamiliarity.

InCred

InCred is a Mumbai-headquartered financial services group founded by Bhupinder Singh in 2016, whose core business is InCred Financial Services, an RBI-registered non-banking finance company engaged in technology-driven alternative lending.

InCred Finance

InCred Finance is a Mumbai-based non-banking financial company founded in 2016 by former Deutsche Bank executive Bhupinder Singh, lending to consumers, students, and small businesses.

Incredibles 2

Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated superhero film written and directed by Brad Bird, the sequel to The Incredibles, in which Elastigirl leads a campaign to restore superheroes' public standing.

Increment and decrement operators

Increment and decrement operators, written ++ and --, are unary operators from the B and C languages that add or subtract 1 from a variable.

Incremental capacity analysis

Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) is a non-invasive battery diagnostics method that differentiates charge with respect to voltage, turning plateaus into peaks that reveal lithium-ion degradation mechanisms like loss of lithium inventory.

Incremental computation

Incremental computation is a computing method that updates a program's output when its input changes, doing work proportional to the change rather than the dataset.

Incremental dynamic analysis

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a structural engineering method introduced by Vamvatsikos and Cornell in 2001 that assesses seismic performance and collapse capacity by scaling ground-motion records to increasing intensities.

Incremental game

An incremental game, also known as an idle or clicker game, is a genre where players repeat a simple action to earn currency, with production eventually running automatically.

Incremental launch

Incremental launch is a bridge construction method in which superstructure segments are cast behind an abutment and jacked over the piers, developed in the early 1960s.

Incremental learning (machine learning)

Incremental learning trains a machine learning model by updating it continuously as new data arrives instead of retraining from a fixed dataset, with catastrophic forgetting as its central difficulty.

Incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion

Incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion, or INDI, is a sensor-based flight control method derived from nonlinear dynamic inversion that needs only the control effectiveness matrix as its model.

Oct 26, 2026

Incremental processing

Incremental processing: data engineering pattern where pipelines process only new, updated, or deleted records since the last run, using watermarks, timestamps, or change data capture instead of full refresh.

Incremental reading

Incremental reading is a learning technique in which long texts are read in small scheduled portions, with extracted fragments converted into flashcards for spaced repetition review.

Incremental redundancy

Incremental redundancy is a HARQ retransmission technique in which the transmitter sends different coded bits each round, lowering the effective code rate until decoding succeeds.