All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
Independence Day (Philippines)
Independence Day (Araw ng Kalayaan), Philippine national holiday on June 12 commemorating Aguinaldo's 1898 proclamation at Kawit; moved from July 4 by Republic Act 4166 in 1964, which made July 4 Philippine Republic Day.
Independence Day (United States)
Independence Day (Fourth of July), US federal holiday marking the July 4, 1776 adoption of the Declaration of Independence; noted for its July 2 vote, August 2 signing, and Frederick Douglass's 1852 July 5 counter-oration.
Independence Day (یومِ آزادی) (Pakistan)
Independence Day (یومِ آزادی, yaum-e-aazaadii) is Pakistan's public holiday on 14 August, marking independence and partition in 1947; celebrated with gun salutes, flag hoisting, and fireworks, though the 1947 legal date was 15 August.
Independence Day: Resurgence
Independence Day: Resurgence, also known as Independence Day 2, is a 2016 American science fiction disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich, set twenty years after the first alien invasion.
Independence Hall
Independence Hall is a historic brick building in Philadelphia, built as the Pennsylvania State House, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were debated and signed.
Independence of Antigua and Barbuda
The independence of Antigua and Barbuda took place on 1 November 1981, ending associated statehood with the United Kingdom and creating a sovereign state within the Commonwealth.
Independence of Barbados
The independence of Barbados was the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom, effective 30 November 1966 under the Barbados Independence Act, making Barbados a Commonwealth realm.
Independence of Belize
The Independence of Belize was the 1981 transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom, completed on 21 September 1981 and delayed until then by Guatemala's long-standing claim to the territory.
Independence of Brazil
Independence of Brazil (Independência do Brasil): separation from Portugal proclaimed 7 September 1822 by Dom Pedro I at the Ipiranga, following the 1808 court transfer and 1820 Porto revolution; consolidated by war, recognized by Portugal in 1825.
Independence of Brunei
The independence of Brunei was completed on 1 January 1984, ending a British protectorate dating to 1888, with Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah reading the proclamation to a crowd of 30,000.
Independence of Cape Verde
The independence of Cape Verde transferred sovereignty from Portugal to the Republic of Cape Verde, proclaimed in Praia on 5 July 1975 after PAIGC-led negotiations.
Independence of Djibouti
The independence of Djibouti was the separation of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas from France, which became the Republic of Djibouti on 27 June 1977.
Independence of Dominica
The independence of Dominica was the transfer of full sovereignty to the Caribbean island on 3 November 1978, when it became the independent republic styled the Commonwealth of Dominica.
Independence of Fiji
The Independence of Fiji refers to the British colony becoming sovereign on 10 October 1970, after 96 years of rule, negotiated between Britain and Fiji's two main ethnic parties.
Independence of Grenada
The independence of Grenada was the transfer of full sovereignty from the United Kingdom on 7 February 1974, with Eric Gairy as first prime minister.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives
Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA): a voting or aggregation criterion requiring the social ranking of any two options to depend only on individual rankings of that pair. Central to Arrow's 1951 impossibility theorem; violated by plurality, Borda, and IRV, satisfied by pairwise majority.
Independence of Jamaica
Jamaica's independence ended more than 300 years of British rule on August 6, 1962, following a 1961 referendum to leave the West Indies Federation and a London constitutional conference.
Independence of Kazakhstan
The Independence of Kazakhstan was proclaimed on 16 December 1991, when the Supreme Council adopted the independence law; it was the last Soviet republic to secede.
Independence of Kiribati
The independence of Kiribati took place on 12 July 1979, when the Gilbert Islands, a British colony in the central Pacific since 1892, became the independent Republic of Kiribati.
Independence of Kyrgyzstan
Independence of Kyrgyzstan: established by the December 15, 1990 sovereignty declaration and the August 31, 1991 Declaration of State Independence (No. 578-XII); recognized by the United States December 25, 1991; first constitution May 5, 1993.
Independence of Madagascar
The independence of Madagascar was achieved on 26 June 1960, ending 66 years of French colonial rule, after negotiations between first president Philibert Tsiranana and the French government.
Independence of Outer Mongolia
The Independence of Outer Mongolia (外蒙古独立) was Outer Mongolia's separation from China between 1911 and 1946, beginning with a 1911 declaration and ending in the Mongolian People's Republic.
Independence of Papua New Guinea
The independence of Papua New Guinea took place on 16 September 1975, when the Australian-administered territory became a sovereign constitutional monarchy under its first Prime Minister, Michael Somare.
Independence of Paraguay
The independence of Paraguay was the process by which the province separated from Spanish rule, beginning with the revolution of 14 May 1811 in Asunción.
Independence of random variables
Independence of random variables is the property that their joint distribution factors into the product of their marginals, so knowing one tells nothing about the others.
Independence of Saint Kitts and Nevis
The independence of Saint Kitts and Nevis took effect on 19 September 1983, ending over three centuries of British rule, with Kennedy Simmonds as the first prime minister.
Independence of Saint Lucia
The independence of Saint Lucia took effect on 22 February 1979, when the island ended its associated state status with the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth.
Independence of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
The independence of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines took place on 27 October 1979, when the British associated state became fully independent within the Commonwealth.
Independence of São Tomé and Príncipe
The independence of São Tomé and Príncipe was achieved on 12 July 1975, ending about 500 years of Portuguese rule through a negotiated agreement with the MLSTP.
Independence of Solomon Islands
The independence of Solomon Islands took place on 7 July 1978, when the British Solomon Islands Protectorate became a sovereign Commonwealth state with Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State.