All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
International recognition of engineering heritage
International recognition of engineering heritage is the formal identification of historic tunnels, dams, and industrial works through national registers and bodies like ICOMOS and UNESCO.
International recognition of Israel
International recognition of Israel: which of the 193 UN member states recognize Israel (163-165 by 2023 counts), the 1948-49 recognition wave, UN admission, withheld Arab and Muslim recognition, the Abraham Accords, and recognition versus diplomatic relations.
International recognition of Kosovo
International recognition of Kosovo: state acknowledgments since Kosovo's 17 February 2008 declaration of independence from Serbia. 117 states recognize it, including the US; Serbia, Russia, China, and five EU members do not; ICJ upheld the 2010 declaration ruling.
International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
Russia recognized the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics on 21 February 2022 by presidential decree, ending the Minsk agreements; the UN General Assembly demanded reversal (141-5), and Russia annexed the territories in September 2022.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: global humanitarian network founded in Geneva in 1863 by Henry Dunant after Solferino; comprises the ICRC, the IFRC, and 191 National Societies, origin of the Geneva Conventions.
International Reference Alphabet
The International Reference Alphabet (ITU-T T.50) is the default version of ISO/IEC 646, a 7-bit code of 128 characters that has been identical to ASCII since 1991.
International Reggae and World Music Awards
The International Reggae and World Music Awards, also known as the Chicago Reggae Music Awards, honors reggae, dancehall, and world music; founded by Ephraim Martin in Chicago in 1982.
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) are a maritime treaty adopted in 1972 that sets the rules of the road for vessels, covering conduct, lights, and signals.
International relations
International relations (IR): the study and academic discipline of cross-border political, security, and economic interaction among states and international organizations. Founded at Aberystwyth in 1919; major theories are realism, liberalism, and constructivism.
International relations (1648–1814)
International relations 1648–1814, the Westphalian system: the European states system from the Peace of Westphalia (Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, 1648) through the balance-of-power era to the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), defined by great-power diplomacy, major French challenges, and the contested Westphalian sovereignty myth.
International relations education in Asia
International relations education in Asia covers the university programs and national scholarly traditions through which the discipline is taught, with 218 English-taught programs at 103 universities.
International relations in the 2010s
International relations in the 2010s were defined by the fraying of the post-Cold War order, a hegemonic shift from the US toward China, and the weaponization of social media.
International relations theory
International relations theory: frameworks explaining state and non-state behavior in world politics. Founded after WWI; major paradigms realism, liberalism, constructivism; shaped by Great Debates and a turn toward eclectic middle-range theory.
International Renewable Energy Agency
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization founded in Bonn in 2009 and headquartered in Abu Dhabi that supports countries in switching to renewable energy.
International Republican Institute
The International Republican Institute, founded in 1983 after Reagan's Westminster address, is an American nonprofit that strengthens political parties, supports elections, and counters authoritarian influence worldwide.
International Requirements Engineering Conference
The IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (IEEE RE) is an annual IEEE conference on requirements engineering, formed in 2002 by merging two series begun in 1993 and 1994.
International Rescue Committee
International Rescue Committee (IRC), founded 1933 at Albert Einstein's suggestion, is a New York-based humanitarian NGO working in over 40 countries and 28 U.S. cities, aiding refugees and crisis-affected people and resettling up to 10,000 refugees yearly.
International Review of the Red Cross
International Review of the Red Cross: peer-reviewed ICRC journal published by Cambridge University Press, founded 1869 as the Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés; covers humanitarian law, policy and action, three issues yearly.
International Revolutionary Marxist Centre
International Revolutionary Marxist Centre (IRMC), successor of the interwar London Bureau of independent left-socialist parties between social democracy and the Third International; founded at Paris in April 1939, it included the ILP, POUM, and PSOP and collapsed with the fall of France in 1940.
International Rice Research Institute
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), founded 1960 in Los Baños, Philippines, by the Ford and Rockefeller foundations; nonprofit rice-science institute whose 1966 semidwarf variety IR8, the 'miracle rice,' launched the Green Revolution in rice.
International Road Assessment Programme
The International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) is a UK charity, founded in 2006, whose Star Ratings and risk assessments of road infrastructure have influenced projects in 140 countries.
International Road Federation
The International Road Federation (IRF), founded in 1948, is a global not-for-profit membership organization promoting road development and sustainable mobility, with members in over 118 countries.
International Road Traffic and Accident Database
The International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD) is an OECD database of validated road safety data by country from 1970 onwards, maintained by the International Transport Forum.
International Road Transport Union
The International Road Transport Union (IRU) is the global association for road transport operators, founded in Geneva in 1948 and known for administering the TIR customs system.
International Robot Exhibition
The International Robot Exhibition (iREX) is a biennial robotics trade show in Tokyo, organized by the Japan Robot Association and described as the biggest robotics trade show in the world.
International Roughness Index
The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a road pavement quality metric that summarizes surface roughness using a simulated reference vehicle, originating from a 1982 World Bank experiment in Brazil.
International rules football
International rules football, also known as International Rules, is a compromise hybrid of Gaelic and Australian rules football played between Ireland and Australia, first staged officially in 1984.
International Safety Management Code
The International Safety Management Code is a mandatory International Maritime Organization standard, adopted in 1993, requiring shipping companies to establish documented safety management systems for ship safety and pollution prevention.
International SafetyNET
International SafetyNET is a satellite service for broadcasting maritime safety information, such as navigational and weather warnings, distress alerts, and search and rescue notices, to ships at sea.
International Sail Training Association
The International Sail Training Association (ISTA) was a British-based association that organized the Tall Ships Races in Europe from the 1950s until its assets passed to Sail Training International in 2002.