All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
Interpenetrating polymer network
An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is a material of two or more cross-linked polymer networks, physically entangled but not covalently bonded, a term coined by J. R. Millar in 1960.
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) is a psychotherapy for bipolar disorder, developed at the University of Pittsburgh by Ellen Frank and colleagues, that stabilizes daily routines.
Interpersonal attraction
Interpersonal attraction is the positive affective or behavioral response one person has toward another, central to social psychology. Key determinants are similarity (Byrne's reinforcement-affect model), physical attractiveness, reciprocity, and mere exposure; speed-dating studies challenge similarity's role.
Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication (人际沟通) is the exchange of information between two or more people and the research field studying verbal and nonverbal cues for relational goals, distinct from group, organizational, public, and mass communication.
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy developed at Yale in the 1970s that treats depression by linking symptoms to grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.
Interpersonal Reactivity Index
The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is a 28-item self-report questionnaire measuring dispositional empathy, developed by Mark H. Davis in 1980 and widely used in psychology.
Interpersonal relationship
Interpersonal relationship: an association between people built from interdependent interactions, spanning family, friendship, romantic, and work ties; studied via attachment, interdependence, and social exchange theories, with measurable links to health and well-being.
Interpersonal theory of suicide
Interpersonal theory of suicide (IPTS), Joiner's 2005 ideation-to-action model: thwarted belongingness plus perceived burdensomeness create desire; acquired capability enables attempts; meta-analytically supported with modest effect sizes.
Interpersonal therapy
Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy that treats depression by linking mood symptoms to problems in close relationships, typically over 12 to 16 weekly sessions.
Interphalangeal joints of the hand
Interphalangeal joints of the hand (articulationes interphalangeales manus): nine synovial hinge joints, four PIP and four DIP plus the thumb IP joint, allowing flexion and extension; PIP provides 85% of finger grasping capability.
Interphase
Interphase is the interval between two successive cell divisions in a eukaryotic cell, comprising G1, S phase with DNA replication, and G2; it takes about 23 hours in a typical human cell.
Interphase power controller
The interphase power controller (IPC) is a passive FACTS device that controls power flow between AC transmission networks, introduced in 1994 at CITEQ in Varennes, Quebec.
Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan
Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycans IMPG1 (SPACR, IPM150) and IMPG2 (SPACRCAN, IPM200) are chondroitin sulfate-rich proteoglycans forming the retinal interphotoreceptor matrix; their SEA-domain proteolysis and mutations cause vitelliform macular dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa.
Interplanetary Criminal
Interplanetary Criminal is Zach Bruce (born 1993), a Bolton-born, Manchester-based UK garage and speed garage DJ and producer, co-head of ATW Records with Main Phase, and co-producer of the 2022 UK number-one single B.O.T.A. (Baddest of Them All) with Eliza Rose.
InterPlanetary File System
The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a peer-to-peer distributed file system, described by Juan Benet in 2014, that addresses content by cryptographic hash instead of server location.
Interplanetary Internet
The Interplanetary Internet, also known as space internet, is a proposed communication architecture using delay-tolerant networking, begun at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1998 by Vint Cerf and Adrian Hooke.
Interplanetary scintillation
Interplanetary scintillation is a radio astronomy technique that measures rapid intensity fluctuations of compact radio sources caused by solar wind density irregularities, used for space weather remote sensing.
Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary spaceflight, also called interplanetary travel, is the flight of spacecraft between planets of the Solar System, from launch through cruise to arrival, using trajectories shaped by orbital mechanics and gravity assists.
Interplanetary Transport Network
The Interplanetary Transport Network, or Interplanetary Superhighway, is a network of gravitationally determined pathways letting spacecraft travel between planets with little propellant at the cost of longer flight times.
Interplay Entertainment
Interplay Entertainment Corp., founded 1983 as Interplay Productions by Brian Fargo and partners, is the American studio behind The Bard's Tale, Wasteland, and Fallout and publisher of Baldur's Gate; it sold the Fallout IP to Bethesda in 2007.
Interpleural Analgesia
Interpleural (intrapleural) analgesia: regional anesthesia injecting local anesthetic into the pleural cavity for retrograde spread to intercostal nerves; developed by Kvalheim and Reiestad 1984–1986; used after cholecystectomy, renal and breast surgery; limited by pneumothorax and toxicity.
Interplexiform cell
Interplexiform cell (IPC), a retinal amacrine-cell subtype or separate class with processes in both inner and outer plexiform layers; coined by Gallego 1971; carries one-way centrifugal feedback from inner to outer retina via dopaminergic, GABAergic, or glycinergic synapses.
Interpol
Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO-INTERPOL) is an intergovernmental body founded in Vienna in 1923, headquartered in Lyon, with 196 member countries, Red Notices, and no arrest powers of its own.
Interpol (band)
Interpol: New York post-punk revival band formed at NYU in the late 1990s by Paul Banks, Daniel Kessler, Carlos Dengler, and Sam Fogarino; albums from Turn on the Bright Lights (2002) to This Mirror Weighs a Ton (2026).
Interpol notice
Interpol notice: a colour-coded international police alert issued by INTERPOL's General Secretariat, including the Red Notice for wanted persons, which is a cooperation request, not an arrest warrant.
Interpolation
Interpolation is the construction of a function that passes exactly through known data points so values can be estimated between them, as in cubic splines and Lagrange polynomials.
Interposition arthroplasty
Interposition arthroplasty is a joint reconstruction technique in which soft tissue or spacer material is placed between resected bone surfaces to relieve pain and preserve motion.
InterPositive
InterPositive is an AI filmmaking company founded by Ben Affleck in 2022 that builds post-production tools; Netflix acquired it in 2026 for about $587 million.
Interpretability of vision and multimodal models
Interpretability of vision and multimodal models extends mechanistic interpretability, explaining neural networks through internal features and circuits, from language models to vision transformers and vision-language models.
Interpretatio graeca
Interpretatio graeca: ancient Greek practice of identifying foreign gods with Greek pantheon members, e.g. Amun-Zeus, Osiris-Dionysus, Isis-Demeter; counterpart of interpretatio romana, coined from Tacitus' Germania.