All articles starting with M
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Muscle biopsy
A muscle biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of skeletal muscle is surgically removed and examined microscopically to diagnose neuromuscular disease, used since 1865.
Muscle car
A muscle car, also known as an American muscle car, is a high-performance American automobile with a large V8 and rear-wheel drive, launched by the 1964 Pontiac GTO.
Muscle cell
A muscle cell, or myocyte, is a cell specialized for contraction using an actin and myosin apparatus. Mammals have skeletal, cardiac, smooth, and myoepithelial types.
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction: ATP-driven actin-myosin sliding in sarcomeres, described by the 1954 Huxley sliding filament theory; covers excitation-contraction coupling, the cross-bridge cycle, isometric, isotonic, concentric, and eccentric contraction types, and fatigue.
Muscle Denervation
Muscle denervation is the loss or removal of a muscle's nerve supply (MeSH D009121), causing atrophy, fibrillation, and altered membrane properties; diagnosed by needle EMG and treated with electrical stimulation, nerve transfer, or targeted muscle reinnervation.
Muscle Development
Muscle development (myogenesis): formation of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle from mesoderm, driven by MRF transcription factors Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4, from somite to mature fiber.
Muscle dysmorphia
Muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia, reverse anorexia) is a pathological preoccupation with insufficient muscularity, classified as a body dysmorphic disorder specifier in DSM-5 and ICD-11, with prevalence around 7 to over 17 percent in weightlifting samples.
Muscle energy technique
Muscle energy technique is a manual therapy in which a patient contracts a muscle against a practitioner's counterforce to mobilize joints, stretch muscles, and reduce pain.
Muscle fatigue
Muscle fatigue: exercise-induced reduction in a muscle's force or power capacity, split into central (reduced voluntary activation) and peripheral (impaired EC coupling, calcium, metabolites) mechanisms.
Muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy, also called skeletal muscle growth, is the enlargement of muscle fibers via net protein accretion driven by resistance training; volume is the key dose-response variable, while load, frequency, and training to failure matter less than commonly assumed.
Muscle memory
Muscle memory covers two phenomena: neural motor learning (procedural memory in cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex) and cellular epigenetic changes that let trained muscle regrow faster after detraining.
Muscle mommy
Muscle mommy (also muscle mami, muscle mummy) is internet and gym slang, spread on TikTok around 2021-2022, for a notably muscular, strong woman, whether or not she is a mother; used admiringly or as self-description, with mixed reception.
Muscle relaxant
Muscle relaxant: antispastic and antispasmodic drugs (baclofen, dantrolene, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine) for spasticity and muscle spasms; also neuromuscular blocking agents used in anesthesia; weak evidence for low back pain.
Muscle Relaxation
Muscle relaxation is the twitch phase in which muscle returns to rest, driven by SERCA pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; fatigue, low temperature, aging, and spasticity slow it.
Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, the Swampers, were house-band session players Beckett, Hawkins, Johnson, and Hood from FAME Studios who founded Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in 1969.
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, founded in 1969 in Sheffield, Alabama by the Swampers (Beckett, Hawkins, Hood, Johnson) after leaving FAME, is a historic recording studio at 3614 Jackson Highway where the Rolling Stones, Cher, Paul Simon, and the Staple Singers recorded; now a nonprofit-run studio and tour site.
Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Muscle Shoals, Alabama: largest city in Colbert County, incorporated 1923, population 16,275 (2020). Known for Wilson Dam, TVA history, and FAME and Muscle Shoals Sound studios, home of the Muscle Shoals Sound.
Muscle spindle
Muscle spindle (Muskelspindeln): encapsulated stretch receptor in skeletal muscle, built of intrafusal bag and chain fibers with Ia and II afferents and gamma motor innervation; signals muscle length and stretch velocity for proprioception and the stretch reflex.
Muscle strain or sprain
Muscle strain or sprain (ICD-11 FB32.5): a strain injures a muscle or tendon, a sprain a ligament; also called pulled muscle. Treated with PRICE; graded I-III; common in hamstrings, adductors, quadriceps, calf.
Muscle Strength
Muscle strength: the maximal force generated by muscle contraction, measured isometrically, isotonically, or isokinetically via manual muscle testing (MRC 0-5 scale) or dynamometers, from 1763 devices to modern hand-held and isokinetic dynamometry.
Muscle Strength Dynamometer
Muscle strength dynamometer: device measuring isometric force of muscles or muscle groups, from 1763 spring devices to hand-held (HHD) and isokinetic dynamometry, the gold standard; HHD offers portable, valid, lower-cost clinical strength testing.
Muscle Suit (Innophys)
The Muscle Suit is a wearable back-support assist suit from Innophys of Tokyo, Japan, which assists lifting and bending using pneumatic artificial muscles powered by compressed air.
Muscle tension dysphonia
Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), primary or secondary, is a functional voice disorder from excessive paralaryngeal muscle tension causing hoarseness and vocal fatigue; treated mainly with voice therapy.
Muscle tone
Muscle tone is the resting tension in skeletal muscle, combining active neural (stretch reflex, gamma drive) and passive viscoelastic components; clinically assessed by resistance to passive movement, with hypertonia (spasticity, rigidity) or hypotonia as abnormalities.
MUSCLE trial
MUSCLE (Nordic Walking in MUltiple SCLErosis), NCT05385731, is a randomized multicentre trial by Peyré-Tartaruga comparing Nordic walking, free walking, and health education in 60 sedentary adults with multiple sclerosis, with gait-mechanics and quality-of-life outcomes.
Muscle weakness
Muscle weakness, or true loss of muscle strength (distinct from asthenia, fatigue), arises from lesions of upper or lower motor neurons, the neuromuscular junction, or muscle; graded on the MRC 0-5 scale, it affects about 5% of U.S. adults 60 and older.
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB, Santavuori congenital muscular dystrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive dystroglycanopathy caused by POMGnT1 mutations, combining congenital muscular dystrophy, severe intellectual disability, and brain and eye malformations.
Muscle-up
Muscle-up: advanced gymnastics and calisthenics exercise combining a pull-up and dip on rings or a bar; strict and kipping forms; CrossFit standards and Walker et al. 2023 EMG comparison of bar versus ring versions.
Muscles of respiration
Muscles of respiration: the diaphragm, intercostal and accessory muscles, and abdominal muscles that drive breathing; diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, with scalenes and parasternal intercostals assisting.
Muscles of the hand
Muscles of the hand: extrinsic forearm-bellied muscles and 19 intrinsic muscles in four groups (thenar, hypothenar, interossei, lumbricals), ulnar/median innervation, and claw versus intrinsic-plus deformities.