All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Mycoherbicide
Mycoherbicide: formulated plant-pathogenic fungi applied inundatively to kill weeds. First registered product DeVine (Phytophthora palmivora, 1981); Collego (1982); only four of twelve registered products achieved measurable success.
Mycologia
Mycologia, ISSN 0027-5514, is the official bimonthly journal of the Mycological Society of America, published by Taylor & Francis since 2017; founded 1909 from the Journal of Mycology and Mycological Bulletin, covering fungal biology.
Mycological Typing Techniques
Mycological typing techniques, or fungal typing, are laboratory procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi, spanning phenotypic biotyping, RFLP, karyotyping, MLST, microsatellite typing, and whole genome sequencing.
Mycology
Mycology, from Greek mykes, is the branch of biology studying fungi: heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitinous walls. About 155,000 species described of an estimated 3 million or more; classified today in 19 phyla and 9 subkingdoms.
Mycopathologia
Mycopathologia, also published 1950-1974 as Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata, is a Dutch peer-reviewed medical mycology journal founded in 1938 by W. Junk, co-founded by Redaelli and Ciferri, now published by Springer with a 2025 impact factor of 4.1.
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Mycophenolate mofetil, sold as CellCept, is an immunosuppressant prodrug of mycophenolic acid approved in 1995 to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants, and used off label for autoimmune diseases.
Mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy
Mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy (MMF embryopathy) is a drug-induced malformation syndrome from first-trimester exposure to the immunosuppressant mycophenolate, marked by microtia, auditory canal atresia, cleft lip/palate, and ocular coloboma.
Mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic acid, also known as mycophenolate, is an immunosuppressive compound from Penicillium fungi that inhibits an enzyme lymphocytes need to proliferate; it is given as mycophenolate mofetil to prevent transplant rejection.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) are the smallest self-replicating bacteria, wall-less with minimal genomes (M. genitalium, 580 kb), human pathogens like M. pneumoniae, and the leading contaminants of cell cultures.
Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma bovis (Mycoplasmopsis bovis), a cell-wall-less bacterium first isolated in 1961 from US bovine mastitis, causes cattle mastitis, pneumonia, and arthritis worldwide, with no effective vaccine and rising antimicrobial resistance.
Mycoplasma encephalitis
Mycoplasma encephalitis (ORPHA:83482) is a rare infectious encephalitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, usually after respiratory infection, accounting for 5–30% of encephalitis cases, mostly in children, treated with macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones.
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen), a cell-wall-less sexually transmitted bacterium with a 580-kb minimal genome, causes urethritis, cervicitis, and PID; diagnosed by NAAT and increasingly macrolide resistant.
Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis, also Metamycoplasma hominis, is a cell-wall-less human urogenital bacterium, usually a colonizer, occasionally causing genital, neonatal, or invasive infection; treated with tetracyclines, quinolones, or 16-membered macrolides.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia and PRDC; cell-wall-less bacterium adhering to swine respiratory cilia via P97 and other adhesins; controlled worldwide with inactivated whole-cell bacterins.
Mycoplasma mycoides
Mycoplasma mycoides, a wall-less mollicute and namesake of the M. mycoides cluster of five ruminant pathogens; subspecies mycoides causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a WOAH-notifiable cattle disease with up to 50% mortality.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Eaton agent) is a cell-wall-less bacterium causing walking pneumonia and tracheobronchitis; treated with macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones, with macrolide resistance under 10% in the US.
Mycoprotein
Mycoprotein: protein-rich food from filamentous fungal biomass, chiefly Fusarium venenatum, sold as Quorn since 1985; high protein and fiber, no cholesterol, environmental impact similar to chicken and pork.
Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza: the mutualistic symbiosis between soil fungi and plant roots, in which fungi receive plant carbon and supply phosphorus and nitrogen. Covers AM and ECM types, 85% plant coverage, 407-million-year fossils, and the contested wood wide web.
Mycorrhizal bioremediation
Mycorrhizal bioremediation: use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbioses with plant roots to immobilize or degrade heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated soils, via hyphal metal-binding, glomalin secretion, and enhanced phytoremediation.
Mycorrhizal inoculum and biofertilizer use
Mycorrhizal inoculum is living material of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, usually spores and colonized roots in a carrier, applied to crops and soils to improve nutrient uptake.
Mycorrhizal network
A mycorrhizal network, popularly called the Wood Wide Web, is an underground fungal web linking the roots of multiple plants, allowing nutrients and signals to move between them.
Mycoses
Mycoses are diseases caused by fungal infection, ranging from superficial skin, hair, and nail infections to life-threatening invasive disease; they kill over 1.5 million people yearly.
Mycosis fungoides
Mycosis fungoides, also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome, is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T cells that begins on the skin and may later involve lymph nodes or organs.
Mycosphaerella
Mycosphaerella (Johanson 1884) is a genus of leaf-infecting ascomycete fungi in Mycosphaerellaceae, once with about 3,000 species; shown polyphyletic, it is now a rejected name synonymized under Ramularia, with former species causing black Sigatoka and ring spot.
Mycosporine-like amino acid
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are small, water-soluble UV-absorbing compounds synthesized by cyanobacteria, fungi, and algae, accumulated by aquatic animals through diet, and studied as biocompatible sunscreen ingredients.
MycoTechnology
MycoTechnology is a food-biotechnology company founded in 2013 in Aurora, Colorado, using mushroom mycelial fermentation to produce flavor modulators and sweeteners like ClearIQ and Zukora.
Mycotic aneurysm
Mycotic aneurysm, also called infected aneurysm, is arterial dilatation caused by infection, usually bacterial despite the name. Coined by Osler in 1885; treated with prolonged antibiotics plus open or endovascular repair.
Mycotoxicosis
Mycotoxicosis: poisoning of humans or animals by mycotoxins, toxic metabolites of moulds such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Claviceps; non-infectious, no antidotes, includes ergotism, aflatoxicosis, and fumonisin disease.
Mycotoxin
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by moulds such as Aspergillus and Fusarium that contaminate cereals, nuts, spices, and dried fruits. Key toxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol, regulated by Codex, EU, and FDA limits.
Mycotoxin decontamination and biocontrol
Mycotoxin decontamination and biocontrol are pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies for reducing fungal toxins in crops: biocontrol with atoxigenic Aspergillus strains, physical treatments, adsorbents, and chemical detoxification.