All articles starting with M

Mycotoxin detection and regulation

Mycotoxin detection and regulation cover the analytical methods and legal maximum limits for fungal toxins in food and feed, set by authorities in the EU, US, and Canada.

Mycovirus

Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi, classified by ICTV into 23 families, mostly with dsRNA genomes. They spread via hyphal anastomosis, cause hypovirulence, and underpin biocontrol such as CHV-1 against chestnut blight.

Mycroft Holmes

Mycroft Holmes is Sherlock Holmes's elder brother in Arthur Conan Doyle's stories, first appearing in 'The Greek Interpreter' (Strand, September 1893). Seven years Sherlock's senior, smarter in deduction but lacking energy, he audits Whitehall, founded the Diogenes Club, and appears in only four canonical stories.

MYD88

MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88), gene at 3p22.2 encoding a TLR/IL-1R innate immune adapter activating NF-κB; its somatic L265P mutation drives Waldenström macroglobulinemia and ABC DLBCL.

MYDGF

MYDGF (myeloid-derived growth factor, C19orf10, formerly SF20/IL-25) is a 142-residue, ER-resident protein secreted by bone marrow monocytes and macrophages that promotes cardiac repair, angiogenesis, and metabolic protection; its receptor remains unknown.

Mydidae

Mydidae, the mydas flies, is a family of about 460-470 wasp-mimicking asiloid fly species in 66 genera, sister to Apioceridae and Asilidae, with predatory larvae and Afrotropical diversity centered in Namibia and South Africa.

Mydriasis

Mydriasis is abnormal pupil dilation, caused by iris dilator stimulation, sphincter paralysis, trauma, third nerve palsy, Adie tonic pupil, or pharmacologic agents; dilute pilocarpine testing distinguishes pharmacologic from neurologic causes.

Myectomy

Septal myectomy is an open-heart operation that removes part of a thickened heart septum to relieve obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pioneered around 1960 and now among the safest open-heart procedures.

Myeik

Myeik, historically known in English as Mergui, is a city in southern Myanmar on the Andaman Sea, the main fishing port and gateway to the roughly 800-island Myeik Archipelago.

Myelin

Myelin: multilamellar glial membrane (myelin sheath) wrapping vertebrate axons, made by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, enabling saltatory conduction; absent in jawless fish, dynamic and remodelable, damaged in multiple sclerosis.

Myelin basic protein

Myelin basic protein, or MBP, is a major protein of central nervous system myelin, about 30% of its protein mass, where it glues opposing membrane layers together.

Myelin P2 protein

Myelin P2 protein (PMP2, FABP8), a fatty acid-binding beta-barrel protein of peripheral nerve myelin at the major dense line; transports lipids, stacks myelin membranes, and its PMP2 mutations cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.

Myelin staining

Myelin staining is a set of histological techniques that visualize myelin sheaths in nervous tissue, most commonly with Luxol fast blue, and used to reveal multiple sclerosis plaques.

Myelin water imaging

Myelin water imaging (MWI) is an MRI technique that measures the fraction of tissue water trapped within myelin sheaths, giving a specific index of myelin content.

Myelin-forming oligodendrocyte

Myelin-forming oligodendrocyte (MFOL): CNS glial cell that wraps axons in myelin, between OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes; expresses Mal, Mog, Plp1; generated in adulthood, stable once formed, central to remyelination in multiple sclerosis.

Oct 20, 2026

Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a minor CNS myelin protein on oligodendrocyte surfaces; anti-MOG antibodies define MOGAD, a demyelinating disease distinct from MS and NMOSD, diagnosed by 2023 international criteria.

Myelitis

Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord, most often discussed as transverse myelitis. Causes include MS, NMOSD, MOGAD, infections, and idiopathic cases; diagnosed by MRI, CSF, and antibody tests.

Myeloablative conditioning

Myeloablative conditioning is high-dose chemotherapy or total body irradiation given before stem cell transplantation to destroy the recipient's bone marrow, reserved for younger, fit patients.

Myeloblast

Myeloblast: the earliest granulocyte precursor in bone marrow, 12-20 μm with fine chromatin and no Golgi zone; CD13/CD33/HLA-DR positive; its count defines MDS and AML classification.

Myelocyte

Myelocyte: an immature granulocyte stage in bone marrow hematopoiesis, between promyelocyte and metamyelocyte, 10–18 µm, with specific granules; neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic subtypes mature into the three granulocytes.

Myelodysplastic neoplasm with increased blasts

Myelodysplastic neoplasm with increased blasts (MDS-IB, formerly RAEB, refractory anemia with excess blasts) is a severe MDS subtype with cytopenias, dysplasia, and 5–19% marrow or blood blasts, subdivided into IB1 and IB2 by WHO 2022 and partly reclassified as MDS/AML by the ICC.

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or myelodysplastic neoplasms, are clonal myeloid malignancies causing ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenias, and AML risk; treated with ESAs, lenalidomide, luspatercept, imetelstat, azacitidine, and stem cell transplant.

Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality

MDS with isolated del(5q), or 5q- syndrome, is a myelodysplastic syndrome subtype defined by chromosome 5q deletion, causing macrocytic anemia with high platelets, RPS14 haploinsufficiency, good prognosis, and lenalidomide sensitivity.

Myelography

Myelography is an imaging technique that injects iodinated contrast into the spinal canal to outline the spinal cord and nerve roots on X-ray and CT.

Myeloid cell

Myeloid cell (Cell Ontology CL:0000763): any cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage, arising from the common myeloid progenitor; includes macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, red cells, and platelets.

Myeloid dendritic cell

Myeloid dendritic cell (mDC, CL:0000782): a myeloid-lineage dendritic cell, CD11c+CD123−, covering human cDC1/cDC2 subsets; primes T cells, secretes TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 after TLR stimulation, distinct from plasmacytoid DCs.

Myeloid leukaemia

Myeloid leukaemia is a blood and bone marrow cancer arising from myeloid cells, chiefly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), marked by the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene.

Myeloid mutation panel

A myeloid mutation panel, or myeloid panel, is a targeted next-generation sequencing test of genes recurrently mutated in AML, MDS, and MPN, guiding diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection.