All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Methanol steam reforming
Methanol steam reforming (MSR) is the catalytic reaction of methanol with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, run at 200 to 300 °C over copper catalysts to supply PEM fuel cells.
Methanol synthesis
Methanol synthesis is the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas into methanol over a copper-based catalyst at 50–100 bar and 200–300 °C, first commercialized in 1923.
Methanol-to-jet
Methanol-to-jet is a process route for making sustainable aviation fuel from methanol built from renewable hydrogen and captured CO₂ or biomass, related to methanol-to-gasoline and under ASTM D7566 review.
Methanol-to-olefins
Methanol-to-olefins (MTO) is a catalytic chemical process converting methanol into ethylene and propylene over SAPO-34 catalysts, offering an alternative to petroleum from coal, natural gas, or biomass.
Methanolysis
Methanolysis is a chemical reaction in which methanol cleaves ester bonds in triglycerides and polymers such as PET, used in biodiesel production and plastic recycling.
Methanomassiliicoccales
Methanomassiliicoccales is an order of strictly anaerobic, methane-producing archaea within the class Thermoplasmata, formally proposed in 2013, whose members produce methane by reducing methanol or methylamines with hydrogen.
Methanomethylicales
Methanomethylicales, formerly the phylum Candidatus Verstraetearchaeota, is an order of methanogenic archaea with no cultured representatives, described from population genomes and validly published under the SeqCode in 2016.
Methanomicrobiales
Methanomicrobiales is an order of hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea, named in 1981 with type genus Methanomicrobium, that is least studied yet often dominant in anoxic wetlands, peatlands, sediments, and bioreactors.
Methanopyrus
Methanopyrus, sole species Methanopyrus kandleri (Kurr et al. 1992), is a hyperthermophilic methanogenic archaeon from Gulf of California black smokers that grows at 80–122°C, the highest known for life, with a 1.69 Mbp GC-rich genome.
Methanosaeta
Methanosaeta (Methanothrix) is a genus of acetoclastic methanogenic archaea, one of only two genera that produce methane from acetate. Specialist on acetate with 7–70 μM threshold, AMP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase, slow growth, dominant in low-acetate habitats.
Methanosarcina
Methanosarcina, a genus of versatile anaerobic methanogenic archaea (Methanosarcinales), produces methane from acetate, methanol, and methylamines; split into H2-using type I and non-H2 type II groups; key in anaerobic digestion.
Methanosarcinales
Methanosarcinales (Boone et al. 2002) is an order of anaerobic euryarchaeotal methanogens, the only one with cytochromes, using acetate, methanol, methylamines, and methyl sulfides; it includes Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, and ANME methane oxidizers.
Methanothermococcaceae
Methanothermococcaceae is an informal name for thermophilic methane-producing archaea of the order Methanococcales, chiefly Methanothermococcus and Methanocaldococcus, which live in hydrothermal vents, thermal springs, and oil reservoirs.
Methanothermus
Methanothermus is a genus of extremely thermophilic methanogenic archaea (family Methanothermaceae) with two species, M. fervidus and M. sociabilis, endemic to Icelandic hot springs, growing up to 97 °C on H2 + CO2.
Methanotroph
Methanotrophs are bacteria and archaea that oxidize methane (CH4) as their carbon and energy source using methane monooxygenase (pMMO/sMMO); key agents of the global methane sink, bioremediation, and methane biotechnology.
Methantheline
Methantheline (methanthelinium bromide; Banthine, Vagantin) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic drug used in Europe since the 1950s for overactive bladder, hypersalivation, and hyperhidrosis; not available in the US.
Methapyrilene
Methapyrilene (Thenylene, Co-Pyronil), an ethylenediamine first-generation H1 antihistamine used in OTC sleep aids like Sominex, withdrawn in 1979 as a potent rat liver carcinogen.
Methaqualone
Methaqualone (Quaalude, Mandrax, "ludes") is a quinazolinone sedative-hypnotic synthesized in India in 1951, marketed from the 1960s, widely abused in the 1970s, and banned as U.S. Schedule I in 1984; it remains abused in South Africa as the "white pipe."
Metharbital
Metharbital (Gemonil, endiemal) is a long-acting barbiturate anticonvulsant, 5,5-diethyl-1-methylbarbituric acid, patented 1905 by Emil Fischer of Merck, marketed by Abbott from 1952, discontinued 1990, demethylated to barbital, used mainly for infantile myoclonic spasms.
Methazolamide
Methazolamide (Neptazane, Glauctabs) is an oral first-generation carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, FDA approved 1959, used in 25/50 mg tablets for glaucoma; longer half-life (~14 h) and lower protein binding than acetazolamide, also studied for altitude sickness.
Methazole
Methazole (Probe, Bioxone, chlormethazole; CAS 20354-26-1) is a C9H6Cl2N2O3 oxadiazolidinedione herbicide for cotton and other crops, cancelled in the US in 1992 and listed under Proposition 65 for developmental toxicity.
Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone)
Methcathinone, also known as ephedrone, is a synthetic cathinone stimulant first synthesized by Roger Adams in 1928 and internationally controlled as a Schedule I substance.
Methdilazine
Methdilazine (Tacaryl, Tacazyl) is a first-generation phenothiazine H1 antihistamine, C18H20N2S, ATC R06AD04, once FDA-classified effective for urticaria, hay fever, and pruritic dermatoses, now discontinued in the US.
Methemoglobin
Methemoglobin (MetHb, ferrihemoglobin) is hemoglobin with heme iron oxidized to Fe3+, unable to bind oxygen; excess causes methemoglobinemia, treated with methylene blue or ascorbic acid.
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia (MetHb), also called hemoglobin M disease or erythrocyte reductase deficiency, is a blood disorder where oxidized ferric hemoglobin cannot release oxygen, causing cyanosis refractory to oxygen; treated with methylene blue.
Methenamine
Methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine, hexamine, urotropine) is a urinary antiseptic, discovered 1859, used as hippurate salt since 1895; hydrolyzed to formaldehyde in acid urine to prevent recurrent UTIs without bacterial resistance.
Methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
Methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.9) catalyzes hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in the folate cycle; in eukaryotes it is the cyclohydrolase domain of trifunctional MTHFD1.
Methfuroxam
Methfuroxam (CAS 28730-17-8), also known as Furavax or Trivax, is an obsolete furanilide fungicide, C14H15NO2, formerly a cereal seed dressing against Basidiomycetes; not approved in the EU.
Methicillin
Methicillin (brand name Celbenin) is a semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin family, introduced in the UK in 1959 as the first penicillin resistant to staphylococcal β-lactamase.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is S. aureus resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics via the mecA gene on SCCmec encoding PBP2A; first reported 1961, a CDC serious threat causing skin, bloodstream, and hospital infections.