All articles starting with M
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Magistrate
Magistrate, or Justice of the Peace: unpaid volunteer judicial officer in England and Wales hearing about 95% of criminal cases in benches of 2-3 without a jury, with up to 12 months' sentencing power; distinct from salaried district judges and professional magistrates abroad.
Magistrate (England and Wales)
A magistrate in England and Wales, also called a Justice of the Peace, is an unpaid, trained volunteer judge who handles about 95% of criminal cases.
Magistrates' court
A magistrates' court is a lower court of first instance where magistrates decide less serious criminal and civil cases, handling most prosecutions in many common-law jurisdictions.
Magistrates' court (England and Wales)
Magistrates' court, England and Wales (Justices of the Peace, petty sessions): lowest criminal court where all criminal cases start, no jury, about 95% of criminal cases; 1285 origins, 12-month maximum, 18 months planned.
Magistrates' court (Hong Kong)
Magistrates' Courts of Hong Kong: the lowest criminal courts, seven courts with 71 magistrates, two-year sentencing limit, entry point for all prosecutions, tracing colonial origins from 1841.
Magistrates' Court of Victoria
Magistrates' Court of Victoria (MCV), the first level of the Victorian court system under the Magistrates' Court Act 1989. Sits in 51 locations, no jury, over 250,000 cases yearly, civil claims to $100,000, Chief Magistrate Lisa Hannan.
Magistrates' Courts Act 1952
The Magistrates' Courts Act 1952 (c. 55) was an English and Welsh consolidating statute covering magistrates' court jurisdiction and procedure, in force from 1 June 1953 and repealed by the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980.
Magistrates' Courts Act 1980
The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (1980 c. 43) is the principal England and Wales statute consolidating magistrates' court jurisdiction, procedure, either-way allocation, sentencing powers, enforcement, and justices' clerks' functions.
Magistrates' courts in India
Magistrates' courts in India are district-level criminal courts of Judicial and Executive Magistrates under the CrPC 1973 and, since 1 July 2024, the BNSS 2023, handling trials, remand, and preventive functions.
Magistrates' courts in Northern Ireland
Magistrates' courts in Northern Ireland are courts of summary jurisdiction hearing less serious criminal charges, chaired by legally qualified District Judges with lay magistrates in youth and family courts.
Magistrates' courts of Australia
The magistrates' courts of Australia are state and territory courts of summary jurisdiction, staffed by salaried, legally qualified magistrates who handle most criminal and civil cases.
Magistrates' courts of New Zealand
The magistrates' courts of New Zealand, later the district courts, were lower courts tracing to Courts of Petty Sessions and resident magistrates' courts from 1841 and 1846.
Magizh Thirumeni (மகிழ் திருமேனி)
Magizh Thirumeni (மகிழ் திருமேனி), a pen name, is an Indian Tamil film director and screenwriter of thrillers: Mundhinam Paartheney (2010), Thadaiyara Thaakka, Meaghamann, Thadam, Kalaga Thalaivan, and Ajith Kumar's Vidaamuyarchi (2025).
Maglera Doe Boy
Maglera Doe Boy, born Tokelo Moyakhe, is a South African rapper from Kanana township near Klerksdorp whose STRAATA style blends Motswako with West Coast gangster rap.
Maglev
Maglev, short for magnetic levitation, is a class of trains levitated and propelled by magnetic forces without contact, capable of speeds up to 603 km/h.
Maglić
Maglić (Маглић) is a Dinaric Alps mountain on the Bosnia and Herzegovina–Montenegro border; its 2,386 m Bosnian summit is the country's highest point, in Sutjeska National Park near Foča.
MagLIF
MagLIF (Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion) is a magneto-inertial fusion concept pursued at Sandia's Z machine since 2013, using magnetized, laser-preheated fuel in an imploding liner.
Maglite
Maglite is a brand of flashlights made by Mag Instrument, an American manufacturer founded by Anthony Maglica, introduced in 1979 for police, firefighters, and mechanics.
Magma
Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, made of silicate melt, mineral crystals, and dissolved gases, that rises through volcanic vents and is called lava once it erupts.
Magma (band)
Magma, also briefly Uniweria Zekt (The Unnamables, 1972), is a French progressive rock band founded in Paris in 1969 by Christian Vander, creator of the zeuhl style, singing in the invented Kobaïan language across the Kobaïa album cycle.
Magma (character)
Magma (Amara Juliana Olivians Aquilla, alias Allison Crestmere) is a Marvel Comics mutant and Nova Roma princess created by Claremont and McLeod, debuting in New Mutants #8 (1983), with lava and tectonic powers.
Magma (computer algebra system)
Magma is a computer algebra system for computation in algebra, number theory, and algebraic geometry, developed by the Computational Algebra Group at the University of Sydney.
Magma (multimodal agent foundation model)
Magma is an 8-billion-parameter multimodal foundation model for AI agents released by Microsoft Research in February 2025, combining vision-language understanding with action-taking in digital interfaces and robotic manipulation.
Magma chamber
A magma chamber, also called a magmatic reservoir, is the region beneath a volcano's vent where molten rock (magma) is stored prior to eruption, often as crystal-rich mush.
Magma Design Automation
Magma Design Automation was a San Jose, California maker of electronic design automation software for chips, founded in 1997 and absorbed by Synopsys in 2012 for about $523 million.
Magma geothermal energy
Magma geothermal energy is the extraction of heat from shallow magmatic bodies or the superhot fluids above them to generate electric power, first demonstrated in Iceland in 2009.
Magma ocean
A magma ocean is a global layer of molten silicate rock on a young planet, formed by accretion, core formation, and giant impacts early in the Solar System.
Magma UNESCO Global Geopark
Magma UNESCO Global Geopark, in southern Rogaland, Norway (Eigersund, Flekkefjord, Sokndal, Bjerkreim, Lund), protects 930-million-year-old anorthosite, the Moon's highland rock, across 46 geosites.
Magma Venture Capital
Magma Venture Capital, also known as Magma Venture Partners, is an Israeli early-stage venture capital firm founded in 1999 by Yahal Zilka and Modi Rosen in Tel Aviv.
Magna Carta
Magna Carta, the Great Charter sealed by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, limited royal power; annulled within 10 weeks, reissued 1216–1225, statutory in 1297, with three clauses still in force.