All articles starting with M

Magnetic encoder

A magnetic encoder is a motion-feedback sensor that converts shaft position into an electrical signal by sensing a magnet's field with Hall-effect or magnetoresistive elements.

Magnetic energy

Magnetic energy, also called magnetic potential energy, is the energy stored in a magnetic field; an inductor stores it as U = ½LI², derived from the ideal solenoid.

Magnetic excitons

Magnetic excitons are semiconductor excitons whose energy and optical character depend on magnetic order, so light can read and drive magnetism, with CrSBr the leading platform.

Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field, written B, that exerts a force on moving electric charges; it is measured in teslas and produced by moving charges and currents.

Magnetic field intensity

Magnetic field intensity, also called magnetic field strength or H-field, is the auxiliary magnetic field vector describing the effect of free currents, measured in amperes per meter.

Magnetic field of Jupiter

The magnetic field of Jupiter, discovered in 1955, is about 20 times stronger than Earth's, driving a magnetosphere 20 million kilometers wide with intense radiation belts.

Sep 19, 2026

Magnetic Fields Festival

Magnetic Fields Festival is a boutique festival of Indian independent and electronic music held each December since 2013 at Alsisar Mahal, a 17th-century palace in Rajasthan.

Magnetic flux is a scalar measure of the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface, measured in webers (Wb); its rate of change through a circuit induces an electromotive force by Faraday's law of induction.

Magnetic flux leakage

Magnetic flux leakage is a nondestructive testing method that detects corrosion and metal loss in ferromagnetic materials by measuring the magnetic field leaking at defects.

Magnetic flux leakage inspection

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection is a non-destructive testing method that magnetizes steel pipelines and detects corrosion, metal loss, and fractures from the flux leaking at defects.

Sep 29, 2026

Magnetic force microscopy

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a scanning probe technique, introduced in 1987, that maps magnetic domains and stray fields at surfaces using a magnetized tip.

Magnetic fragmentation in spin ice

Magnetic fragmentation in spin ice is a thermodynamic splitting of one magnetic moment into an ordered monopole crystal and a fluctuating Coulomb liquid, proposed in 2014 and observed in Nd2Zr2O7.

Magnetic gear

A magnetic gear transfers torque between rotating shafts through magnetic fields rather than meshing teeth, so the sides never touch; the dominant coaxial design was proposed at Sheffield in 2001.

Magnetic helical microswimmers

Magnetic helical microswimmers are micron-scale corkscrew devices propelled by rotating magnetic fields, modeled on bacteria like E. coli; the best-known synthetic version is ETH Zurich's artificial bacterial flagella.

Magnetic helicity

Magnetic helicity is a scalar quantity measuring the topological complexity of a magnetic field, such as the twist and linkage of flux tubes, and is conserved in ideal MHD.

Magnetic hopfions

Magnetic hopfions are three-dimensional, particle-like topological solitons in a magnet's magnetization field, shaped like closed twisted skyrmion-string rings, defined by a nonzero integer Hopf index, and observed experimentally in FeGe crystals and Ir/Co/Pt nanodisks.

Sep 29, 2026

Magnetic hyperthermia

Magnetic hyperthermia is a cancer treatment that heats magnetic nanoparticles placed in a tumor with an alternating magnetic field, killing cancer cells at 40 to 45 degrees Celsius or higher.

Magnetic hysteresis

Magnetic hysteresis is the dependence of a ferromagnet's magnetization on its magnetic history: the flux density traces a closed loop, and magnetization remains after the field returns to zero.

Magnetic indoor localization

Magnetic indoor localization determines position inside buildings by measuring Earth's magnetic field distortions from steel structures, requiring no dedicated infrastructure since smartphones and robots have magnetometers.

Magnetic ink character recognition

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) reads printed characters by magnetizing iron oxide ink and measuring each character's waveform, the machine-readable method behind check processing since its E-13B standard was adopted in 1958.

Magnetic island

A magnetic island is a region in magnetized plasma where field lines close around a local axis, the characteristic structure of tearing-mode instabilities in fusion devices like tokamaks.

Magnetic Josephson junctions

A magnetic Josephson junction is a Josephson junction whose weak-link barrier is a ferromagnetic material instead of an insulator, producing π ground states and spin-carrying supercurrents.

Magnetic levitation

Magnetic levitation, also known as maglev or magnetic suspension, is the suspension of an object in air by magnetic forces alone, applied in high-speed trains and frictionless bearings.

Magnetic meron

A magnetic meron, or half-skyrmion, is a vortex-like spin texture in two-dimensional magnets carrying half a skyrmion's topological charge, first observed experimentally in 2018 and studied for spintronic devices.

Magnetic meron–antimeron lattices

A magnetic meron–antimeron lattice is a periodic array of merons and antimerons, swirling spin textures carrying half the topological charge of a skyrmion, alternating in sign.

Sep 29, 2026

Magnetic microscopy

Magnetic microscopy is a family of imaging techniques that map magnetic fields, domain patterns, and magnetization in materials, from scanning-probe methods like MFM and NV magnetometry to x-ray imaging.

Magnetic mirror

A magnetic mirror is an open magnetic confinement scheme where particles moving into stronger magnetic field are reflected back, proposed for fusion in the 1950s.

Magnetic moment

The magnetic moment, also called the magnetic dipole moment, is a vector quantity measuring the strength and orientation of a source of magnetic field, such as a bar magnet.

Magnetic monopole

A magnetic monopole, or Dirac monopole, is a hypothetical particle carrying an isolated magnetic charge, proposed by Paul Dirac in 1931 and required by grand unified theories, though no observation has confirmed it.