All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Microbiological Techniques
Microbiological techniques: laboratory methods to detect, culture, identify, and study microorganisms, from microscopy, Gram stain, and pure-culture methods to 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomics, PCR, and automated clinical diagnostics.
Microbiology
Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa. Founded after van Leeuwenhoek's 1675 observations and Pasteur's 1857 fermentation work; over 99% of environmental microbes remain unculturable.
Microbiome
Microbiome: the community of microorganisms in a defined habitat plus their theatre of activity (genes, metabolites, environment). Term from Whipps 1988, redefined by Berg 2020; distinct from microbiota; central to health, agrifood, and bioremediation research.
Microbiota
Microbiota: the full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) in a given niche such as the human body; also called the microbiome. Key facts: site-specific communities, acquired at birth, studied via 16S rRNA and metagenomics, characterized by the NIH Human Microbiome Project (2007), and used therapeutically in FDA-approved fecal microbiota products for recurrent C. difficile.
Microbiotica
Microbiotica is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company spun out of the Wellcome Sanger Institute in 2016, based near Cambridge, UK, developing oral microbiome medicines, with lead programs MB097 in melanoma and MB310 in ulcerative colitis.
Microblading
Microblading, also called eyebrow embroidery or micro-stroking, is a semi-permanent cosmetic tattooing technique using a handheld row of fine needles to deposit pigment in hair-like brow strokes, lasting up to about 3 years.
MicroBlaze
MicroBlaze is a family of configurable 32-bit and 64-bit RISC soft processor cores developed by Xilinx and now offered by AMD for its FPGAs and adaptive SoCs.
Microblogging
Microblogging, also called tumblelogging, is a form of blogging in which users publish brief text updates, usually under 200 characters, popularized by Twitter and Jaiku from 2006.
Microbolometer
A microbolometer is a thermal infrared detector in which absorbed radiation heats a sensing element, changing its resistance; arrays of them form uncooled thermal cameras, typically using vanadium oxide.
MicroBooNE
MicroBooNE is a liquid argon time projection chamber neutrino experiment at Fermilab that ran from 2015 to 2021, using a 170-ton detector in the Booster Neutrino Beam as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program.
Microbotryomycetes
Microbotryomycetes is a class of Basidiomycota fungi in Pucciniomycotina, proposed by Bauer et al. 2006, with orders Microbotryales, Sporidiobolales, Leucosporidiales, and Heterogastridiales, including anther-smut Microbotryum and yeasts.
Microbubbles
Microbubbles are 1–10 µm gas-filled, lipid- or albumin-shelled intravenous contrast agents for ultrasound (CEUS), used in echocardiography and liver lesion characterization; distinct from CT/MRI agents, they stay intravascular, clear via the lungs, and carry no nephrotoxicity.
Microbump
A microbump is a miniature solder interconnect, typically 10 to 25 micrometers in diameter, used to join stacked dies in 3D integrated circuits built on through-silicon vias.
Microburst
A microburst is a small downburst of sinking, rain-cooled air that strikes the ground and spreads damaging winds; the term was coined by Ted Fujita in 1975.
Microcalorimetry
Microcalorimetry is a calorimetric technique that measures heat released or absorbed during chemical, physical, or biological processes in small samples, detecting heat effects at the microjoule level without labels.
Microcanonical ensemble
The microcanonical ensemble is the statistical mechanics distribution describing an isolated system with fixed total energy, assigning equal probability to every compatible microstate and yielding Boltzmann entropy.
Microcap stock fraud
Microcap stock fraud: securities fraud in stocks of companies under $250–300 million market cap, mainly on OTC markets; dominated by pump-and-dump schemes exploiting scarce public information, with SEC and FINRA enforcement and investor red flags.
Microcar
A microcar is a very small, low-powered automobile. The type emerged in postwar Europe with vehicles like the BMW Isetta, and today most EU microcars are approved as quadricycles.
Microcassette
The microcassette, or microcassette tape, is a small analog magnetic tape cassette introduced by Olympus in 1969 for voice recording in dictation and answering machines.
Microcavity polariton
A microcavity polariton, also called a cavity polariton, is a quasiparticle formed in a semiconductor microcavity by strong coupling between a cavity photon and an exciton.
Microcebus murinus
Microcebus murinus, the gray mouse lemur (lesser mouse lemur), a ~60 g nocturnal primate of Madagascar's dry western forests; type species of a cryptic radiation revised to 19 species in 2024; IUCN Least Concern and an emerging primate model organism.
Microcell
A microcell is a cellular base station with a coverage radius of roughly a few hundred meters to two kilometers, used to add capacity in dense urban areas.
Microcentrifuge
A microcentrifuge is a compact benchtop centrifuge that spins small liquid samples in 0.2 to 2 mL tubes at high speed to separate components by density, a standard instrument of molecular biology labs.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II
MOPDII, or Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, is a rare autosomal recessive PCNT-related skeletal dysplasia with extreme short stature, microcephaly, abnormal teeth, insulin resistance, and global vascular disease including moyamoya and aneurysms.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III
MOPD types I and III, or Taybi-Linder syndrome, a severe autosomal recessive primordial dwarfism from RNU4ATAC minor-spliceosome mutations on 2q14.2, causing microcephaly, brain malformations, skeletal dysplasia, and life expectancy often under 12 months.
Microcephaly
Microcephaly: head circumference more than 2 SD below the mean for age and sex, from genetic, infectious (TORCH, Zika), or environmental causes; no cure, supportive therapy only.
Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome, also called MIC-CAP syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by STAMBP gene mutations, marked by small head size at birth, widespread skin capillary malformations, and intractable epilepsy.
Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome
Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome, or Winship-Viljoen-Leary syndrome (OMIM 251220), is an autosomal recessive disorder combining severe microcephaly, intellectual deficit, and dilated cardiomyopathy, described in a handful of patients.
Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome
Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome, also known as SMO deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol metabolism caused by mutations in the MSMO1 gene.
Microchaetus rappi
Microchaetus rappi, the African giant earthworm (Microchaetidae), is South Africa's Eastern Cape earthworm and the longest earthworm on record: a 1967 specimen measured 6.7 m, versus an average near 1.4–1.8 m.