All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Mitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria by lysosomes, a quality-control mechanism conserved from yeast to humans whose PINK1–Parkin pathway is linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease.
Mitophagy decline in ageing
Mitophagy decline in aging is the age-related reduction of the selective autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria; the decline is tissue-selective, and interventions include urolithin A, NAD+ boosters, and exercise.
MITOR trial
MITOR trial (NCT04999696), Minimally Invasive Therapy Versus Open Radical Hysterectomy, a Chang Gung Memorial Hospital randomized trial of 820 women with early-stage cervical cancer comparing laparoscopic and abdominal radical hysterectomy on disease-free and overall survival, proposed by APAGE after the LACC trial.
Mitosis
Mitosis: eukaryotic nuclear division producing two genetically identical daughter nuclei, staged as prophase through telophase, driven by the microtubule spindle and kinetochores, and safeguarded by the spindle assembly checkpoint; named by Walther Flemming from Greek mitos.
Mitotane
Mitotane (o,p′-DDD), sold as Lysodren, is an adrenolytic drug related to the insecticide DDT, approved in 1970 and still the only FDA- and EMA-approved drug for adrenocortical carcinoma.
Mitotic Index
The mitotic index (MI) is the ratio of cells undergoing mitosis to total cells in a population, reported as a percentage and used as a prognostic marker in tumor grading.
Mitotic motor proteins
Mitotic motor proteins are microtubule-based ATPases that generate the forces for spindle assembly and chromosome movement during cell division, with kinesin-5, CENP-E, chromokinesins, and dynein as the main actors.
Mitotic Progression Regulator
Mitotic Progression Regulator (IPR052945) is an InterPro protein family integrating PANTHER PTHR43628, with Sel1-like and TPR-like repeats, annotating regulators of the G2/M mitotic transition such as fission yeast Nif1, plus bacterial matches like MotX.
Mitotic Prophase
Mitotic prophase is the first stage of M phase in mitosis, when duplicated chromosomes condense, the nucleolus disappears, spindle assembly begins, and it ends with nuclear envelope breakdown.
Mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone, sold as Novantrone, is a synthetic anthracenedione drug given intravenously for acute myeloid leukemia, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, and worsening multiple sclerosis, approved by the FDA from 1987.
Mitra
Mitra (Avestan Miθra, Old Persian Mihr) is the ancient Indo-Iranian god of contracts and covenants, attested from a 14th-century BCE Mitanni treaty, prominent in the Veda with Varuna and in the Avestan Mihr Yasht, later namesake of the Roman cult of Mithras.
Mitra RxDx, Inc.
Mitra RxDx, Inc., doing business as Mitra Biotech, is an oncology precision-medicine company headquartered in Woburn, Massachusetts, known for CANscript, a platform testing patient tumor tissue against drugs.
MitraClip
MitraClip (Abbott) is a transcatheter edge-to-edge repair clip for mitral regurgitation, FDA-approved 2013 for primary MR and 2019 for secondary MR; COAPT showed benefit, MITRA-FR did not.
Mitragyna
Mitragyna Korth. (1839) is a Rubiaceae genus of African and Asian trees; its species M. speciosa is kratom, source of the opioid-receptor alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
Mitragyna speciosa
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom, ketum) is a Southeast Asian Rubiaceae tree whose leaves contain mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, opioid-active alkaloids; traditionally chewed or brewed, now regulated, with concentrated 7-OH products targeted for US Schedule I.
Mitragynine
Mitragynine is the principal indole alkaloid of the kratom tree Mitragyna speciosa: a G-protein-biased partial mu-opioid agonist, CYP3A4-metabolized to 7-hydroxymitragynine, unscheduled by the UN but increasingly regulated amid synthetic 7-OH products.
Mitrailleuse
The mitrailleuse is a multi-barreled volley gun firing rifle-caliber bullets from a hand-cranked bundle of barrels, best known as the Reffye model of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
Mitral cell
Mitral cell: principal excitatory projection neuron of the vertebrate olfactory bulb, named for its miter-shaped soma. One primary dendrite reaches a single glomerulus; axons form the lateral olfactory tract to olfactory cortex.
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (mitral valve regurgitation, mitral insufficiency) is backward leakage of blood through the mitral valve during left ventricular contraction, causing atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary hypertension; treated with monitoring, diuretics, anticoagulants, surgical repair or replacement, and TEER clip.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis, narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, usually rheumatic; normal area 4-6 cm2, severe under 1.0 cm2; treated with balloon commissurotomy or surgery.
Mitral valve
Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve): the two-leaflet heart valve between left atrium and left ventricle; disorders include prolapse, regurgitation, and stenosis; treated by repair, replacement, or TEER.
Mitral valve annuloplasty
Mitral valve annuloplasty: suturing a prosthetic ring or band around the mitral annulus during valve repair. Introduced by Carpentier in 1968; rigid, flexible, and semirigid rings exist, with no proven outcome difference between types.
Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral valve prolapse (Barlow syndrome, floppy valve syndrome): bulging of one or both mitral leaflets over 2 mm into the left atrium during systole, affecting about 2-3% of people, usually benign but linked to regurgitation and, rarely, arrhythmic sudden death.
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve repair is open-heart surgery restoring a leaky or narrowed mitral valve rather than replacing it. Key facts: first done by Cutler in 1923, Carpentier's 1983 techniques, annuloplasty and chordal repair, 94% freedom from regurgitation at 10 years.
Mitral valve replacement
Mitral valve replacement is a cardiac surgery in which a diseased mitral valve is replaced with a mechanical or biological prosthesis, chosen when durable repair is unlikely.
Mitramiśra
Mitramiśra, also written Mitra Mishra (मित्रमिश्र), was a Hindu legal scholar of the Gwalior region, active around 1610 to 1640, who compiled the Vīramitrodaya, a digest of Hindu law.
Mitre
Mitre: the liturgical head-covering of Western bishops and certain prelates, derived from the papal camelaucum; first worn in Rome by the mid-tenth century, shaped into the modern form by 1150, worn in three grades and removed for prayer.
MITRE ATT&CK
MITRE ATT&CK (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge) is a free knowledge base of cyber adversary behavior, maintained by MITRE since 2013 and organized into Enterprise, Mobile, and ICS domains.
Mitre Corporation
The MITRE Corporation is an American not-for-profit company founded in 1958 that operates federally funded research centers for US agencies and runs the ATT&CK and CVE cybersecurity programs.
Mitridae
Mitridae, miter or mitre shells, is a family of tropical neogastropod snails in superfamily Mitroidea, most diverse in the Indo-West Pacific; molecular work collapsed the genus Mitra into 32 genera and split off Charitodoronidae.