All articles starting with M
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Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency (MPYCD, OMIM 614741) is a rare autosomal recessive MPC1-related disorder causing neonatal lactic acidosis, elevated pyruvate with normal lactate/pyruvate ratio, encephalopathy, and developmental delay.
Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Mitochondrial replacement therapy is an IVF technique that replaces defective mitochondria in a mother's egg with donor mitochondria, preventing inherited mitochondrial disease; only the UK practices it.
Mitochondrial respirasome
The mitochondrial respirasome is a supercomplex of respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, with a mass of about 1.7 megadaltons.
Mitochondrial Rho GTPase
Mitochondrial Rho GTPase (Miro; Miro1/Miro2, RHOT1/RHOT2) is an atypical outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase with two GTPase domains and EF-hands that links mitochondria to kinesin/dynein via TRAK adaptors, regulating transport, calcium arrest, mitophagy, and disease.
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes (MT-RNR1, MT-RNR2) are the two mtDNA genes encoding 12S and 16S rRNAs of the 55S mitoribosome, transcribed as polycistronic RNA, processed by tRNA excision, chemically modified, and linked to mitochondrial disease.
Mitochondrial ribosome
Mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome): the protein-synthesis machine inside mitochondria, descended from an alpha-proteobacterial ribosome; RNA-reduced, protein-rich (human 55S: 80 proteins, 3 RNAs), specialized for membrane proteins and linked to mitochondrial disease.
Mitochondrial RNA polymerase
Mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) is the single-subunit, nuclear-encoded enzyme of phage ancestry that transcribes the mitochondrial genome and, in mammals, supplies the RNA primers that launch mitochondrial DNA replication.
Mitochondrial RNA processing and modification
Mitochondrial RNA processing and modification is the set of reactions that cuts polycistronic mitochondrial transcripts into mature mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs; defects cause MELAS, MERRF, and cardiomyopathy.
Mitochondrial ROS in stem-cell ageing
Mitochondrial ROS in stem-cell aging describes how reactive oxygen species from mitochondria act as dose-dependent signals controlling stem-cell fate, and how mitochondrial dysfunction drives stem-cell exhaustion with age.
Mitochondrial ROS production
Mitochondrial ROS production is the partial reduction of oxygen to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at defined sites in the mitochondrial inner membrane, chiefly respiratory complexes I and III.
Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency
Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency (ECHS1D, Crotonase deficiency): rare autosomal recessive ECHS1 disorder of valine catabolism causing neonatal or infantile encephalopathy, dystonia, basal ganglia lesions, and lactic acidosis; neonatal onset predicts mortality.
Mitochondrial shuttle
Mitochondrial shuttle: enzyme and carrier systems, chiefly the malate–aspartate shuttle (Borst cycle) and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, that move cytosolic NADH reducing equivalents across the NADH-impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane, yielding 2.5 versus 1.5 ATP per NADH.
Mitochondrial targeting sequences and signals
Mitochondrial targeting sequences are amino acid segments within nuclear-encoded proteins that direct them to mitochondria and route them to one of at least five import routes.
Mitochondrial transcription factor Mtf1
Mtf1 (Mtf1p), the MTF1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the single ~40 kDa initiation factor required by mitochondrial RNA polymerase Rpo41 for promoter-specific transcription; homologous to human TFB2M, distinct from metal-responsive MTF-1.
Mitochondrial transcription machinery
Mitochondrial transcription machinery: POLRMT (mtRNAP), a T7-related single-subunit RNA polymerase, with TFAM and TFB2M initiating, TEFM elongating, MTERF1 terminating; also primes mtDNA replication.
Mitochondrial transfer RNA genes
The mitochondrial transfer RNA genes are the 22 tRNA genes in human mitochondrial DNA, which supply the complete adapter set for translating the 13 mitochondrial proteins.
Mitochondrial translation
Mitochondrial translation: protein synthesis by 55S mitoribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix, producing the 13 mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS inner membrane proteins via MTIF, TUFM, GFM1, MTRF1L factors.
Mitochondrial translation factors
Mitochondrial translation factors are the soluble proteins that drive protein synthesis inside mammalian mitochondria: initiation factors MTIF2 and MTIF3, elongation factors, and release and recycling factors acting on mitoribosomes.
Mitochondrial transplantation
Mitochondrial transplantation is an experimental regenerative therapy that delivers intact mitochondria into damaged cells or organs to restore energy metabolism, first applied in pediatric heart failure patients in 2017.
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency, also called TFP deficiency, is a rare inherited disorder that prevents the body from turning long-chain fatty acids into energy during fasting.
Mitochondrial tRNA modification
Mitochondrial tRNA modification: chemical alteration of the 22 mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial tRNAs by enzymes such as TRMT10C, NSUN3, GTPBP3/MTO1, and MTU1, stabilizing degenerated mt-tRNA structures and decoding; loss causes MELAS, MERRF, and Leigh syndrome.
Mitochondrial Uncoupling
Mitochondrial uncoupling, also called proton leak, dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient as heat instead of ATP, mediated by UCP1 in brown fat, ANT, and PM20D1-derived lipidated amino acids.
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt)
UPRmt (mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mtUPR): conserved mitochondria-to-nucleus stress signaling triggered by misfolded mitochondrial proteins; first described in mammals in 2002; raises chaperone and protease expression via HSF1, ATF5, ESR1, and FOXO3 axes.
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion (ISSN 1567-7249) is a bimonthly Elsevier peer-reviewed journal, official journal of the Mitochondria Research Society, publishing mitochondrial basic science and disease research since 2001; JIF 4.5, SCIE and Scopus indexed.
Mitogaku
Mitogaku (水戸学) is a scholarly tradition of Japan's Mito Domain during the Edo period, founded by Tokugawa Mitsukuni to compile the Dainihonshi and known for reverence toward the emperor.
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, ERK1/2
ERK1/2 (MAPK3/MAPK1) are the terminal kinases of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK pathway, activated by TEY-loop phosphorylation, phosphorylating hundreds of substrates; dysregulated in about 40% of cancers and targeted by inhibitors such as ulixertinib.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK, JNK, and p38, are conserved serine/threonine kinases in three-tier MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK cascades that transmit growth, stress, and cytokine signals and are dysregulated in cancer and inflammation.
Mitoguazone
Mitoguazone, also known as methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) or MGBG, is an experimental anticancer drug that inhibits polyamine synthesis and has reached phase 3 trials but is not FDA approved.
Mitolactol
Mitolactol (dibromodulcitol, DBD, NSC-104800, brands Elobromol and Mitolac) is a synthetic hexitol-derived alkylating antineoplastic that inhibits DNA synthesis via epoxide groups; studied in breast, cervical cancer, and melanoma, with myelosuppression and leukemogenesis as key risks.
Mitomycin C
Mitomycin C (MMC, NSC 26980) is an antitumor antibiotic activated by quinone reduction into a DNA-cross-linking bis-electrophile; FDA-approved 1974 for cancers and widely used off-label as an antiscarring agent in glaucoma trabeculectomy surgery.