All articles starting with M
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Modular Helium Reactor
The Modular Helium Reactor (MHR) is a small, passively safe high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor using helium coolant, graphite, and coated-particle fuel, developed by General Atomics from designs including the MHTGR.
Modular humanoid
A modular humanoid is a humanoid robot built from interchangeable joint, limb, and software modules that can be reconfigured, upgraded, or repaired by swapping parts.
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet
The Modular Integrated Communications Helmet, or MICH, is a US Special Operations combat helmet from the late 1990s that became the basis for the Army's Advanced Combat Helmet.
Modular lattice
A modular lattice is a lattice satisfying the modular law, a weakening of distributivity formulated by Richard Dedekind around 1900; examples include subspaces of a vector space and normal subgroups of a group.
Modular multilevel converter
A modular multilevel converter, or MMC, is a high-power electronic converter that spreads AC-to-DC conversion across many series-connected submodules; invented by Rainer Marquardt in 2001, it dominates HVDC transmission.
Modular multiplicative inverse
The modular multiplicative inverse, also called the modular inverse, is the analog of division in modular arithmetic: an integer b⁻¹ with b·b⁻¹ ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists when b and m are relatively prime.
Modular neural network
A modular neural network is a machine learning architecture that decomposes computation into specialized modules, combined by a routing or gating mechanism to solve the overall task.
Modular pancreatosplenectomy
Modular pancreatosplenectomy, best known as radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS), removes the distal pancreas, spleen, and lymph nodes en bloc for pancreatic body and tail cancer, reported by Strasberg in 2003.
Modular programming
Modular programming: software design technique decomposing programs into independent, interchangeable modules with well-defined interfaces; key ideas information hiding (Parnas 1972), 1968 Constantine symposium, Meyer's modularity rules, module-call overhead costs.
Modular Prosthetic Limb
The Modular Prosthetic Limb (MPL) is an advanced prosthetic arm developed by Johns Hopkins APL under DARPA's Revolutionizing Prosthetics program, primarily as a research tool for testing direct neural control.
Modular quantum computing
Modular quantum computing is an architectural approach linking multiple smaller quantum processing units through quantum and classical links, pursued to scale quantum computers beyond the limits of monolithic single-chip devices.
Modular Recordings
Modular Recordings (Modular), Australian record label founded 1998 by Steve Pavlovic; home of The Avalanches, Cut Copy, The Presets, Wolfmother, Tame Impala; Universal joint venture from 2005, absorbed after 2015 royalty disputes.
Modular representation theory
Modular representation theory, also called Brauer or modular character theory, studies representations of finite groups over fields whose characteristic divides the group order, developed by Richard Brauer from 1935.
Modular Robotics (company)
Modular Robotics is an American educational robotics company in Boulder, Colorado, founded in 2008 as a Carnegie Mellon spinoff and known for its Cubelets robot blocks.
Modular self-reconfigurable robots
Modular self-reconfigurable robots are robots built from many repeated modules, each with sensing, actuation, and connections, that rearrange into shapes like snakes or rolling loops to match the task.
Modular surface
The modular surface is the quotient of the hyperbolic upper half-plane by the modular group PSL(2,Z), a finite-area orbifold that classifies elliptic curves and hosts modular forms.
Modular synthesis
Modular synthesis is an organic chemistry strategy that assembles complex molecules from standardized building blocks using reliable reactions, so swapping one block predictably changes the final product.
Modular tensor category
A modular tensor category is a semisimple braided tensor category with finitely many simple objects, duals, a compatible twist, and a non-degenerate braiding, meaning an invertible S-matrix.
Modularity theorem
The modularity theorem, once the Taniyama-Shimura-Weil conjecture, states that every elliptic curve over the rationals is modular; proved between 1995 and 2001, it settled Fermat's Last Theorem.
Modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) is a thermal analysis technique that superimposes an oscillating temperature on conventional DSC, separating heat flow into reversing and non-reversing components.
Modulated synthesis of covalent organic frameworks
Modulated synthesis of covalent organic frameworks is a crystallization strategy that adds a monofunctional modulator to slow framework growth, suppressing defects and enabling the first large single-crystalline COFs.
Modulated synthesis of MOFs
Modulated synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) adds competing modulator molecules, most often monocarboxylic acids, that reversibly bind metal nodes to control crystallinity, particle size, morphology, defect density, and phase selection.
Modulated Wideband Converter
The modulated wideband converter (MWC) is a sub-Nyquist sampling system that blindly samples sparse wideband analog signals at rates far below Nyquist, proposed at the Technion in 2009.
Modulation (music)
Modulation (music), also called a key change, is the shift of tonal center within a composition, distinct from brief tonicization. Main methods: pivot-chord, direct (truck-driver), common-tone, chromatic, and enharmonic modulation; dominant is the most common goal in major keys.
Modulation and coding scheme
A modulation and coding scheme (MCS) is a Wi-Fi index naming a combination of modulation, coding rate, and spatial streams that determines the data rate.
Modulation doping
Modulation doping is a semiconductor technique that separates dopants from the carriers they donate, greatly raising carrier mobility; first demonstrated at Bell Labs in 1978.
Modulation instability
Modulation instability is a nonlinear wave effect in which a continuous wave grows unstable and breaks into pulses, arising from the Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion in optical fibers.
Modulational instability
Modulational instability, also called Benjamin–Feir instability, is the instability of a uniform wave train to side-band perturbations whose amplitudes grow exponentially, breaking the train into groups; it occurs in water waves, plasmas, and optical fibers.
Modulator of smoothened protein
MOSMO (Modulator of Smoothened, also Atthog or C16orf52) is a human 16p12.2 gene encoding a 167-aa four-pass transmembrane protein that, in the MEGF8-MOSMO-MGRN1 complex, ubiquitylates and degrades Smoothened, damping Hedgehog signaling; loss causes craniofacial and cardiac birth defects.
Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module, or module over a ring, is an algebraic structure generalizing a vector space by taking scalars from a ring rather than a field.