All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Natural monopoly
A natural monopoly is an industry where one firm can supply the whole market more cheaply than two or more firms, as in electricity, water, and gas networks.
Natural monument
Natural monument: IUCN protected area Category III, conserving a specific feature such as a cave, waterfall, crater, or ancient grove; also a legal designation in Mexico, Costa Rica, and US national monuments.
Natural News
Natural News, also known as NaturalNews.com or Newstarget, is an American alternative-health and conspiracy website founded by Mike Adams, the "Health Ranger," which sells dietary supplements and publishes anti-vaccine content.
Natural nuclear fission reactor
A natural nuclear fission reactor is a uranium deposit where fission chain reactions occurred without human intervention, known only at Oklo, Gabon, about 2 billion years ago.
Natural number
A natural number, or positive integer, is one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on, depending on convention, used for counting and ordering.
Natural orifice specimen extraction surgery
Natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) is a minimally invasive technique that removes resected tissue through the anus, vagina, or mouth, avoiding an abdominal incision.
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a minimally invasive technique operating on abdominal or thoracic organs through the mouth, anus, vagina, or bladder, with no abdominal-wall incision.
Natural person
Natural person: a living human being as a bearer of legal rights and duties, contrasted with the juridical or artificial person such as a corporation. Covers capacity at birth and majority, statutory drafting, GDPR, and Roman-law origins.
Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy was the traditional term for the systematic study of nature, from antiquity until the nineteenth century, when William Whewell's 1833 word "scientist" replaced "natural philosopher".
Natural product
Natural product: secondary metabolite from plants, microbes, or marine animals, excluding primary metabolism and macromolecules. Over 23,000 characterized; ~49% of 1981–2002 small-molecule drugs trace to natural products, with genome mining driving revival.
Natural product research
Natural product research studies chemicals made by living organisms: isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biosynthesis, and bioactivity. Key journals include Natural Product Research (formerly Natural Product Letters), Journal of Natural Products, and Natural Product Reports.
Natural Questions
Natural Questions, or NQ, is a question answering dataset built by Google AI from real Google search queries paired with human-annotated answers on Wikipedia pages, released in 2019.
Natural rate of unemployment
The natural rate of unemployment, also called NAIRU, is the unemployment rate at which inflation is stable, comprising frictional and structural unemployment but excluding cyclical unemployment.
Natural regeneration
Natural regeneration is the renewal of a forest from self-sown seed, coppice shoots, or root suckers rather than planting, and is usually far cheaper than plantations.
Natural reservoir
Natural reservoir: the animal, human, or environmental population or system in which a pathogen is permanently maintained and from which it spreads to humans or livestock; defined by Haydon et al. (2002), confirmed by ring-fencing, exemplified by bat reservoirs of Marburg, Nipah, and rabies.
Natural resource
A natural resource is any biological, mineral, or aesthetic asset afforded by nature without human intervention that can be used for benefit; classifications include renewable, non-renewable, and nondepletable.
Natural resource management
Natural resource management (NRM) applies scientific and technical principles to managing land, water, soil, plants, and animals, balancing ecological, economic, and social goals across forests, fisheries, and farmland.
Natural Resource Partners
Natural Resource Partners is an American diversified natural resource partnership, formed in 2002, that owns about 13 million acres of mineral rights and earns royalties without mining.
Natural Resources Canada
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for natural resources, energy, minerals, and forestry, formed in 1994 and employing nearly 6,000 people.
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly the Soil Conservation Service, is USDA's private-lands conservation agency, founded April 27, 1935 under Hugh Hammond Bennett in response to the Dust Bowl and renamed in 1994.
Natural Resources Defense Council
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization that uses law and science to confront the climate crisis, founded in 1970.
Natural resources of Africa
The natural resources of Africa, also called its mineral resources, include about 30% of the world's mineral reserves and leading shares of cobalt, diamonds, and platinum.
Natural resources of India
The natural resources of India are the minerals, fossil fuels, water, land, and forests within the country that support its economy, coal being the principal mineral resource.
Natural resources of the Arctic
Natural resources of the Arctic: petroleum, minerals, and fisheries north of the Arctic Circle across eight countries. USGS estimates 90 billion barrels oil and 1,669 tcf gas, mostly offshore and Russian, largely undeveloped due to cost, climate, and regulation.
Natural rights and legal rights
Natural rights and legal rights: natural rights arise from human nature or natural law independent of government, while legal rights are created by legal systems; traced from Aquinas and Grotius to Locke, positivism, and the 1948 Universal Declaration.
Natural rubber
Natural rubber, also called India rubber, is the elastomer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, and used chiefly in tires and gloves.
Natural satellite
A natural satellite, also called a planetary satellite or moon, is a celestial body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or other larger non-stellar body.
Natural scenery
Natural scenery: the appearance of a place formed by predominantly natural landscape features (GEMET: area where human effects are not significant). Covers definitions, scenic assessment, naturalness, and park and tourism management.
Natural School
The Natural School (натуральная школа) was a Russian literary movement of the 1840s, guided by Nikolai Gogol's example and critic Vissarion Belinsky, and seen as the first stage of Russian critical realism.
Natural science
Natural science, also known as the biological and physical sciences, is the branch of science that studies the natural world through observation and experiment, spanning physics, chemistry, and biology.