All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Network coding
Network coding is a technique in information theory and computer networking where intermediate nodes combine received packets algebraically instead of only storing and forwarding them, first proposed in 2000.
Network congestion
Network congestion is a condition in which demand for a network resource exceeds its capacity, causing queueing delay and packet loss that congestion control mechanisms work to prevent.
Network data analytics function
The network data analytics function (NWDAF) is a 3GPP 5G core network function that collects data from network functions, analyzes it, and exposes statistics and predictions to consumers like the Policy Control Function.
Network data envelopment analysis
Network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) is a nonparametric linear-programming method in operations research that measures efficiency of units split into connected sub-processes, locating where inefficiency arises.
Network Data Representation
Network Data Representation (NDR) is the transfer syntax of DCE/RPC, mapping IDL data types onto octet streams; it is the wire encoding of Windows RPC, DCOM, and Active Directory replication.
Network Development Plan (Germany)
The Network Development Plan (Netzentwicklungsplan, NEP) is Germany's central plan for expanding its electricity transmission grid, drafted by the transmission system operators and confirmed by the Federal Network Agency.
Network dynamics of conscious states
Network dynamics of conscious states is the study of how brain integration and segregation change across sleep, waking, and anesthesia, measured by tools like the perturbational complexity index.
Network effect
A network effect, also called a network externality, is the increase in a product's value to one user as more people use the same or compatible product, like telephones.
Network effects
A network effect is the increase in a product's value to each user that comes from additional users joining, a central concept in analyzing platforms from telephones to digital markets.
Network File System
Network File System (NFS), a distributed file system protocol created by Sun Microsystems in 1984, lets computers mount and use files on remote servers as if they were local.
Network for Greening the Financial System
The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) is a voluntary group of central banks and supervisors that develops shared climate-risk analysis for the financial system.
Network function virtualization
Network function virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept, introduced by network operators in 2012, that replaces dedicated hardware appliances with software running on standard servers.
Network interface controller
A network interface controller, also called a network interface card or network adapter, is the hardware connecting a computer to a network, moving frames between the medium and host memory.
Network interface device
A network interface device (NID), also called a network interface unit, is a box on a building where the phone company's network ends and customer wiring begins.
Network intrusion detection system
A network intrusion detection system (NIDS) is a security technology that monitors network traffic and analyzes protocol activity to identify suspicious behavior, guided by NIST Special Publication 800-94.
Network layer
The network layer, also known as Layer 3 or the internetwork layer, is the OSI model layer that routes packets between hosts across multiple networks, done by IP in TCP/IP.
Network matrix
A network matrix is a {0, +1, −1}-matrix built from a directed tree and graph: each entry records how a tree path traverses an arc, and it is totally unimodular.
Network meta-analysis
Network meta-analysis, also called mixed treatment comparisons, is a statistical method comparing three or more treatments in one analysis, combining direct and indirect trial evidence.
Network meta-regression
Network meta-regression (NMR) is a statistical method in evidence synthesis that extends network meta-analysis by adding study-level covariates. It estimates interactions to see if effect modification explains heterogeneity.
Network model
The network model, also called the network data model, is a database model formalized by CODASYL in 1971 in which programs navigate records linked by pointers.
Network North
Network North is a UK Department for Transport policy paper published in October 2023, announcing by Rishi Sunak the reallocation of £36 billion from canceled HS2 phases to smaller transport projects.
Network of French lycées abroad
The network of French lycées abroad is a worldwide set of schools outside France following the French national curriculum, comprising 615 homologated schools in 138 countries with 403,000 pupils.
Network of the Department of Government Efficiency
The network of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) comprised the renamed USDS in the Executive Office of the President plus agency DOGE teams of at least four employees, 206 identified EOP personnel, broad data-system access, and GAO-questioned savings claims.
Network operating system
A network operating system (NOS) is an operating system for routers and switches, or, in an older sense, software that manages shared files, printers, and logins across a network.
Network operations center
A network operations center (NOC), also called a Network Control Center, is a centralized location where staff monitor and manage a network's health around the clock.
Network packet
A network packet, also called a data packet, is a formatted unit of data carried over a packet-switched network, with headers carrying control information followed by the payload.
Network pharmacology
Network pharmacology is a computational method that maps compounds, molecular targets, and disease pathways as graphs to generate testable hypotheses about multi-target drug action, especially in traditional Chinese medicine research.
Network Rail
Network Rail Limited, established by the Department for Transport in 2002 to acquire Railtrack's network, owns and operates Great Britain's railway infrastructure, including track, signaling, bridges, tunnels and stations.
Network reconnaissance
Network reconnaissance is the systematic gathering of information about a target network, including its hosts, services, and vulnerabilities, and is an early phase of the cyber kill chain.
Network representation learning
Network representation learning maps each node of a graph to a dense low-dimensional vector, or embedding, preserving network structure for tasks like node classification and link prediction.