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Ottoman Commercial Treaty of 1861–62
The Ottoman Commercial Treaty of 1861–62 was a Franco-Ottoman commercial treaty concluded in 1861 that extended the 1838 free-trade settlement, cutting export duties from 8 percent to 1 percent.
Ottoman conquest of Adrianople
The Ottoman conquest of Adrianople (Edirne'nin Fethi) was the capture of Byzantine Adrianople, modern Edirne, by Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I in the 1360s.
Ottoman conquest of Algeria
The Ottoman conquest of Algeria brought the central Maghreb under Ottoman sovereignty between 1516 and 1519, when the Barbarossa brothers fought Spanish forces on the Algerian coast.
Ottoman conquest of Baghdad (1534)
The Ottoman conquest of Baghdad (فتح بغداد) was the capture of Baghdad from the Safavid Empire by Sultan Suleyman I's army in late 1534, beginning Ottoman rule that lasted until 1623.
Ottoman conquest of Bosnia (1463)
The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia (Pad Bosne 1463) was Sultan Mehmed II's May and June 1463 campaign that overran the Bosnian Kingdom and beheaded King Stjepan Tomašević.
Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria
The Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria was the Ottoman Empire's absorption of the medieval Bulgarian lands between the early 1360s and 1396, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire.
Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus (Fetih-i Kibris) was the Ottoman Empire's 1570 to 1571 campaign taking Cyprus from Venice, ending with the fall of Famagusta and beginning over three centuries of Ottoman rule.
Ottoman conquest of Epirus
The Ottoman conquest of Epirus (1430–1479) absorbed the late Byzantine Despotate of Epirus into the Ottoman Empire, beginning with Ioannina's negotiated surrender to Murad II.
Ottoman conquest of Gallipoli
The Ottoman conquest of Gallipoli (Gelibolu'nun Fethi) was the seizure of the Byzantine port of Gallipoli by Suleyman Pasha in March 1354, after an earthquake destroyed its walls.
Ottoman conquest of Hungary
The Ottoman conquest of Hungary (1521–1541) was Suleiman I's destruction of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary at Mohács in 1526 and annexation of Buda in 1541.
Ottoman conquest of Karasi
The Ottoman conquest of Karasi (Karesi'nin Fethi) was Orhan Bey's absorption of the Karasid beylik of northwest Anatolia into the Ottoman state, completed in 1345 after a succession struggle, making Karasi the gateway to the Balkans.
Ottoman conquest of Nicaea
The Ottoman conquest of Nicaea (İznik'in Fethi) was Orhan Gazi's capture of the Byzantine city of Nicaea on 2 March 1331, after a blockade begun by Osman Bey around 1300.
Ottoman conquest of Serbia
The Ottoman conquest of Serbia, from the battles of Marica in 1371 to the fall of Smederevo in 1459, brought medieval Serbia under Ottoman rule for almost five centuries.
Ottoman conquest of the Anatolian beyliks under Bayezid I
The Ottoman conquest of the Anatolian beyliks under Bayezid I (1389 to 1399) abolished the Turkmen beyliks of western and central Anatolia and annexed their lands.
Ottoman conquest of the Hejaz
The Ottoman conquest of the Hejaz (الفتح العثماني للحجاز) transferred the Hejaz, with Mecca and Medina, from the Mamluk sultanate to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 under Selim I.
Ottoman conquest of the Karesi beylik
The Ottoman conquest of the Karesi beylik (Karesi'nin fethi) was Orhan Bey's annexation of the principality ruling Balikesir, Bergama, and the Chanakkale region in 1345.
Ottoman conquest of the Morea
The Ottoman conquest of the Morea was the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea under Mehmed II, carried out in two invasions, in 1458 and 1460.
Ottoman conquest of Thessalonica
The Ottoman conquest of Thessalonica (Selanik'in Fethi) was the capture of the Byzantine and Venetian-held city by Sultan Murad II's army on 29 March 1430.
Ottoman conquest of Yemen
The Ottoman conquest of Yemen (فتح اليمن العثماني) incorporated Yemen into the Ottoman Empire, from Hadim Suleiman Pasha's capture of Aden in 1538 to Koca Sinan Pasha's reconquest of the highlands by 1571.
Ottoman Conscription Law of 1869
The Ottoman Conscription Law of 1869 (قانون تجنيد), prepared under war minister Huseyin Avni Pasha, reorganized Ottoman army recruitment and raised service from 12 to 20 years.
Ottoman Constitution of 1876
The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, known as the Kanun-i Esasi, was the empire's first written constitution, promulgated by Sultan Abdulhamid II in December 1876 and suspended in 1878.
Ottoman crossing into Europe
The Ottoman crossing into Europe was the 1352 crossing of Suleyman Pasha into Rumelia, which led to the occupation of Gallipoli in 1354 and the first permanent Ottoman foothold in Europe.
Ottoman cuisine
Ottoman cuisine, the culinary tradition of the Ottoman Empire (also called Ottoman Turkish cuisine), fused Central Asian Turkic, Persian, Arab, and Byzantine traditions. Palace cuisine centered on Topkapı's Matbah-ı Âmire; folk cuisine used simpler ingredients, and French influence reshaped elite cooking in the 19th century.
Ottoman default of 1875
The Ottoman default of 1875 was the suspension of half the empire's foreign-debt interest payments, decreed on 6 October 1875 and followed by full bankruptcy by March 1876.
Ottoman dynasty
The Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman, Âl-i Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from about 1300 to 1922. Founded by Osman Gazi, it used open succession, fratricide law, then seniority, ending with the 1924 caliphate abolition.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state founded in Anatolia around 1300 under Osman I, which captured Constantinople in 1453 and lasted over 600 years.
Ottoman Empire in World War I
Ottoman Empire in World War I: the Ottoman state as a Central Powers belligerent, 1914-1918, fighting at Gallipoli, in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Palestine, ending with the Mudros armistice and the empire's disintegration.
Ottoman entry into World War I
The Ottoman entry into World War I (Osmanli'nin Birinci Dunya Savashi'na Girishi) brought the empire into the war on the Central Powers' side in 1914.
Ottoman Gendarmerie
The Ottoman Gendarmerie (ژاندارم, jandarma) was the late Ottoman Empire's paramilitary rural police, created from the zaptiye regiments and reorganized in 1879, 1904, and 1909.
Ottoman Greece
Ottoman Greece: the 15th-to-19th-century Ottoman rule of Greek lands after the 1453 fall of Constantinople, covering church tax-farming, the millet debate, corsair devastation, Tanzimat reforms, education, and the 1821 Greek Revolution.