All articles starting with P
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Patellofemoral disorders
Patellofemoral disorders are a group of conditions affecting the joint between the kneecap and femur, most commonly pain worsened by squatting, stair use, and running, treated with exercise therapy.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS, runner's knee, chondromalacia patella): anterior knee pain around or behind the patella aggravated by squatting, stairs, or running; treated mainly with hip and quadriceps exercise therapy.
Patellogastropoda
Patellogastropoda, the true limpets, is an order of marine gastropods with cap-shaped shells, 8 families and 36 genera, split into Patellida and Nacellida, from intertidal shores to the deep sea.
Patent
Patent: an exclusive, territorial right granted for an invention (a product or process offering a new technical solution), lasting generally 20 years from filing in exchange for public disclosure; obtained via national, regional (EPO, OAPI, ARIPO), or PCT international applications under the WIPO-administered treaty system.
Patent application
Patent application: a formal request to a patent office such as the USPTO or via the PCT for a patent on an invention. Includes specification, claims, drawings, fees, 18-month publication, examination, and PTAB appeal.
Patent box (Italy)
The Italian patent box was an optional tax regime, in force from 2015, that exempted part of company income from patents, trademarks, designs, and know-how.
Patent Cooperation Treaty
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), signed in Washington in 1970 and administered by WIPO, allows a single international patent application effective in all 159 Contracting States, delaying national phase entry to 30 months.
Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), persistent ductus arteriosus: a congenital heart defect in which the fetal vessel joining aorta and pulmonary artery stays open after birth. Common in preterm infants; treated with indomethacin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or catheter/surgical closure; first surgically repaired by Robert Gross in 1938.
Patent foramen ovale
A patent foramen ovale is a flap-like opening between the heart's right and left atria that fails to seal after birth, present in about 25% of adults.
Patent infringement
Patent infringement is the unauthorized making, using, selling, or importing of a patented invention, plus induced and contributory infringement. Covers claim-by-claim tests, doctrine of equivalents, remedies, litigation costs, and US, Japanese, and Chinese differences.
Patent law of China
Patent Law of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国专利法), the national patent statute adopted 1984, effective 1985, covering inventions, utility models, and designs with terms of 20, 10, and 15 years, amended 1992, 2000, 2008, and 2020.
Patent leather
Patent leather, also called Japanned leather, is leather with a glossy, mirror-like coating, historically varnish and now usually polyurethane, first made commercially in 1819 by Seth Boyden.
Patent licensing
Patent licensing is the practice by which a patent owner grants permission to make, use, or sell the patented invention in exchange for compensation, keeping ownership.
Patent medicine
Patent medicines were trademarked, secret-formula self-medication remedies, few actually patented, that flourished in 19th-century America; dangerous ingredients and cure-all claims drove the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act and modern drug regulation.
Patent of Toleration
The Patent of Toleration (German: Toleranzpatent) was a 1781 edict by Emperor Joseph II granting Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Orthodox Christians private worship and civil rights in the Austrian lands.
Patent pool
A patent pool is an agreement between two or more patent owners to license their patents to one another or to third parties, usually under a single royalty.
Patent troll
Patent troll, also patent assertion entity (PAE) or non-practicing entity (NPE): a disparaging label for patent holders who assert patents to obtain settlements and license fees without making products; distinguished by empirical evidence on costs, litigation behavior, and share of U.S. patent suits.
Patent urachus
Patent urachus, also called persistent urachus (Offener Urachus), is a congenital urachal anomaly in which the embryonic duct between bladder and umbilicus stays open, causing umbilical urine leakage in neonates.
Patent war
A patent war is a prolonged contest where a foundational patent holder uses litigation and licensing to control a new technology market, like the Bell telephone wars of 1876 to 1893.
Patentee (locomotive)
The Patentee was a 2-2-2 steam locomotive type designed by Robert Stephenson and Company and patented in 1833 as an enlargement of the Planet design.
PATEO Connect Technology (Shanghai) Corporation (博泰车联网)
PATEO Connect Technology (Shanghai) Corporation (博泰车联网) is a Shanghai-based supplier of smart-cockpit and connected-vehicle solutions, founded by Ying Yilun in 2009 and listed in Hong Kong in 2025.
Pātere
Pātere is a fast, recited genre of Māori chanted song-poetry within the mōteatea tradition, traditionally composed by women as a public reply to jealousy, abuse, or slander.
Paterina
Paterina (Paterinidae, Paterinata) is an extinct Cambrian to Late Ordovician brachiopod genus, type species Obolus labradoricus, known from the Burgess Shale, with a strophic organophosphatic shell and open delthyrium.
Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 syndrome
Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 syndrome (UPD(20)pat): very rare anomaly where both chromosome 20 copies come from the father, causing overgrowth, macrocephaly, and pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b via the imprinted GNAS locus.
Paternalism
Paternalism: interference with a person's liberty or choices, against their will, for their own good. Covers Dworkin's definition, hard/soft types, autonomy objections, justification conditions, and nudge (libertarian paternalism) evidence.
Paternalistic conservatism
Paternalistic conservatism, also called One Nation conservatism after Disraeli's Sybil (1845), is a conservative tradition holding that the privileged owe welfare and reform to the poor; articulated by Baldwin, institutionalized in the 1950 One Nation Group, and challenged by Thatcherite neoliberalism after 1975.
Paternity
Paternity (1981) is an American romantic comedy directed by David Steinberg, starring Burt Reynolds as Buddy Evans, a Madison Square Garden manager who hires Beverly D'Angelo as a surrogate mother; released October 2, 1981 by Paramount.
Paternity testing
Paternity testing is a genetic test comparing DNA between a child and an alleged father to confirm or exclude paternity, used in legal, personal, and immigration cases.
Paterno (film)
Paterno is a 2018 HBO television drama directed by Barry Levinson, starring Al Pacino as Penn State coach Joe Paterno during the two weeks after the Jerry Sandusky indictment, with Riley Keough as reporter Sara Ganim; 69% on Rotten Tomatoes, Emmy-nominated.
Paternò–Büchi reaction
The Paternò–Büchi reaction is a photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition of an excited carbonyl compound with an alkene to form an oxetane, first reported by Emanuele Paternò in 1909.