All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are disease-causing bacteria, defined by toxin production or tissue invasion; classified by Gram stain, shape, and oxygen need; central to germ theory (Pasteur, Koch) and today dominated by antibiotic resistance tracked in the WHO BPPL 2024.
Pathogenicity locus
Pathogenicity locus (PaLoc): the 19.6-kb Clostridioides difficile chromosomal region carrying toxin genes tcdA and tcdB plus tcdR, tcdE, tcdC; integrates between cdu1 and cdd1, replaced by a 115-bp sequence in nontoxigenic strains; basis of toxinotyping.
Pathologic
Pathologic (Мор. Утопия) is a 2005 psychological horror survival RPG by Russian studio Ice-Pick Lodge, set in a plague-stricken steppe town with three playable healers; remastered as Pathologic Classic HD in 2015 and reimagined in Pathologic 2 (2019) and Pathologic 3 (2026).
Pathologic Complete Response
Pathologic complete response (pCR), or pathologic complete remission: no residual cancer found microscopically in surgical specimens after neoadjuvant therapy. Prognostic in breast, digestive, lung cancers; FDA accelerated-approval endpoint in breast cancer; weak trial-level surrogate.
Pathologica
Pathologica, Italian pathology journal founded 1908 in Genoa, official journal of SIAPEC-IAP, published open access by Pacini Editore, ISSN 0031-2983, indexed in Medline, Scopus, ESCI.
Pathological demand avoidance
Pathological demand avoidance (PDA), also called extreme demand avoidance, is a proposed autism profile marked by anxiety-driven avoidance of everyday demands and need for control; coined by Elizabeth Newson in the 1980s, it is not in DSM-5 or ICD-11 and its validity as a syndrome is debated.
Pathological fracture
Pathological fracture (pathologic fracture): a bone fracture through bone weakened by preexisting disease such as osteoporosis, tumors, or Paget's disease, occurring without adequate trauma; ICD-11 code FB80.B.
Pathological jealousy
Pathological jealousy, also called morbid jealousy, delusional jealousy, or Othello syndrome, is a psychiatric condition of unfounded preoccupation with a partner's infidelity, occurring in obsessive and delusional subtypes with neurological, psychiatric, and substance-related causes.
Pathological lying
Pathological lying, also called pseudologia fantastica or mythomania, is a psychiatric phenomenon of chronic, disproportionate, largely unmotivated fabrications, first described by Delbrück in 1891 and not a standalone DSM-5 diagnosis.
Pathological science
Pathological science is the practice of producing scientific claims for effects that do not exist, through self-deception rather than fraud, as defined by Nobel laureate Irving Langmuir in 1953.
Pathological Society
Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland (PathSoc), founded 1906 in Manchester, a charity promoting disease research and education; owns The Journal of Pathology; distinct from the 1846 Pathological Society of London.
Pathology
Pathology: the medical specialty studying disease causes and effects through tissue, cell, and laboratory analysis. Branches include anatomic, clinical, molecular, and forensic pathology; global workforce exceeds 108,000 pathologists.
Pathonpatham Noottandu (പത്തോന്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്)
Pathonpatham Noottandu (പത്തോന്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്, Nineteenth Century) is Vinayan's 2022 Malayalam period action film on Ezhava reformer Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker, starring Siju Wilson, released 8 September 2022 and streamed on Amazon Prime Video.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology: study of the mechanisms by which disease alters body functioning, bridging physiology and pathology; covers etiology, pathogenesis, disease models, and multiscale systems approaches.
Pathophysiology and acute evaluation of hypertensive emergencies
A hypertensive emergency is severely elevated blood pressure with new organ damage, most often ischemic stroke or pulmonary edema, diagnosed by bedside, laboratory, and imaging evaluation.
Pathophysiology of alopecia areata
The pathophysiology of alopecia areata is an autoimmune attack on hair follicles by cytotoxic CD8+NKG2D+ T cells, driven by IFN-gamma and JAK-STAT signaling, that halts growth without destroying follicles.
Pathophysiology of asthma
Pathophysiology of asthma: chronic airway inflammation, variable airflow obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness, divided into T2-high (eosinophilic, IL-4/5/13, IgE) and T2-low endotypes with epithelial alarmins and remodeling.
Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis combines a genetically weakened skin barrier, type 2 immune inflammation, neuroimmune itch driven by IL-31, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization, though the direction of causality remains debated.
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Pathophysiology of heart failure: mechanisms of HFrEF (cardiomyocyte death, DAMP-driven inflammation, remodeling) versus HFpEF (comorbidity-driven microvascular endothelial inflammation, low nitric oxide, stiff ventricle), with biomarker and treatment contrasts.
Pathophysiology of hypertension
Pathophysiology of hypertension: mechanisms producing chronic blood pressure elevation, including renal sodium handling, sympathetic overactivity, RAAS, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, secondary forms, and hypertension-mediated organ damage.
Pathos
Pathos (Greek: pathê, "suffering" or "experience") is the mode of persuasion that appeals to an audience's emotions, one of the three artistic proofs Aristotle defined in his Rhetoric.
Paths of Glory
Paths of Glory (Les Sentiers de la gloire) is Stanley Kubrick's 1957 anti-war film starring Kirk Douglas, adapted from Humphrey Cobb's 1935 novel about a French World War I court-martial, withheld from French cinemas until 1975 and added to the National Film Registry in 1992.
Paths of Glory (board game)
Paths of Glory: The First World War is Ted Raicer's 1999 GMT Games two-player card-driven wargame of WWI, 110 strategy cards, 20-turn campaign, Charles S. Roberts Award winner, BGG wargame rank 3.
Paths of Glory (Cobb novel)
Paths of Glory, Humphrey Cobb's 1935 Viking Press anti-war novel about three French soldiers shot after a failed WWI assault, based on the Souain corporals case and later adapted into Kubrick's 1957 film.
Pathu Thala
Pathu Thala (பத்து தல) is a 2023 Tamil action crime drama directed by Obeli N Krishna, adapted from the Kannada film Mufti, starring Silambarasan TR as gangster AGR, with Gautham Karthik as an undercover cop, music by A.R. Rahman, released 30 March 2023.
Pathummayude Aadu
Pathummayude Aadu (പാത്തുമ്മയുടെ ആട്, "Pathumma's Goat") is a Malayalam novel by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, written in 1954 and published in 1959, about his joint family's daily life.
Pathways (Google)
Pathways is Google's runtime and scheduler for executing machine learning workloads across thousands of TPU chips, announced by Jeff Dean in 2021 and used to train PaLM.
Pathways (video game)
Pathways (video game) is Pathways into Darkness, Bungie's 1993 Macintosh first-person adventure/shooter by Jason Jones and Colin Brent; first real-time texture-mapped 3D Mac game, 30-level pyramid, forerunner of Marathon.
Pathyadi kvatha curna (afi afi-patyadikvatasadangacurna)
Pathayadi kvatha curna (Pathyadi Kvatha Shadanga Churna, AFI000457) is an Ayurvedic seven-herb decoction powder led by Terminalia chebula, used for head disorders including migraine (ardhavbhedaka), dose 25-50 ml.
Pathyadi lepa
Pathyadi lepa, an Ayurvedic topical herbal paste (lepa) whose chief ingredient is Terminalia chebula (Pathya/Haritaki) with karanja, mustard, turmeric, bakuchi, rock salt, and vidanga, mixed with cow urine and used externally for skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema.