All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Peer review
Peer review: expert evaluation of scholarly manuscripts and grants before publication. Began informally with the 1665 Journal des sçavans and Philosophical Transactions; formalized after WWII; single-, double-blind, and open models; modest reviewer agreement (kappa 0.31).
Peer Sultan Mound
Peer Sultan Mound (Ancient Mounds, Peer Sultan, N-RJ-54) is an ASI-protected ancient stupa site on the dry Ghaggar bed in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, with early historical terracottas, decorated bricks, pottery, and coins.
Peer-to-peer
Peer-to-peer (P2P), also called a P2P network, is a network architecture in which computers, or peers, share resources and each acts as both service requester and provider, as in BitTorrent.
Peer-to-peer file sharing
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing transfers files directly between computers, each acting as both client and server. It began with Napster in 1999 and survives chiefly in BitTorrent.
Peer-to-peer lending
Peer-to-peer lending, also called P2P or marketplace lending, is a model in which online platforms match individual and institutional lenders directly with borrowers, first appearing with Zopa in 2005 and Prosper in 2006.
Peerage
A peerage is a British title of nobility, hereditary or for life, with five ranks from duke to baron whose holders historically sat in the House of Lords.
Peerage of England
The Peerage of England, or English peerage, holds titles created by English monarchs before the 1707 union with Scotland; its peers outrank other British peerages in precedence.
Peerage of Ireland
Peerage of Ireland: titles of duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron created under the Kingdom of Ireland, mainly 1175–1800; its House of Lords ended with the 1800 Union, whose 28 representative peers lapsed after 1922.
Peerage of Scotland
Peerage of Scotland: the division of the British peerage of titles created before the 1707 Union, with ranks from duke to Lord of Parliament; 16 representative peers sat from 1707 until the Peerage Act 1963 admitted all Scottish peers.
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Peerage of the United Kingdom: noble titles created since 1801, the newest division of the British peerage. Five ranks from duke to baron; hereditary or life; life peers under the 1958 Act dominate the House of Lords.
Peerages in the United Kingdom
Peerages in the United Kingdom: Crown-created dignities in five ranks (duke to baron), hereditary or life. Life peers under the 1958 Act dominate the Lords; the 2026 Act removed the last hereditary members.
PeerJ
PeerJ is an open access scholarly publisher founded in 2012 by Jason Hoyt and Peter Binfield, known for its flagship journal PeerJ, lifetime membership pricing, optional open peer review, and its 2024 acquisition by Taylor & Francis.
PeerTube
PeerTube is a free, open-source, decentralized and federated video platform developed by the French non-profit Framasoft as an alternative to centralized services like YouTube and Vimeo.
Peet's Coffee
Peet's Coffee: American specialty coffee roaster and chain founded by Alfred Peet in Berkeley, California, April 1, 1966; known for dark small-batch roasts, Major Dickason's Blend, Alameda roasting plant, ownership by JDE Peet's and Keurig Dr Pepper.
Peeta Mellark
Peeta Mellark, the baker's son from District 12, is the deuteragonist of Suzanne Collins's Hunger Games trilogy: co-victor of the 74th and 75th Games, Katniss Everdeen's love interest, hijacked in Mockingjay, played by Josh Hutcherson.
Pefcalcitol
Pefcalcitol (M518101, M5181) is Maruho's topical vitamin D3 analog and VDR agonist ointment for plaque psoriasis and palmoplantar keratoderma; it reached phase 3 trials, beat vehicle but missed non-inferiority versus calcipotriol, and development was discontinued without approval.
Peficitinib
Peficitinib (ASP015K, JNJ-54781532, Smyraf) is Astellas' oral pan-JAK inhibitor approved in Japan (2019) and Korea (2020) for rheumatoid arthritis, dosed 150 mg once daily, with JAK3 IC50 of 0.7 nM.
Pefloxacin
Pefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, developed by Rhône-Poulenc and introduced in France in 1985 but never approved in the United States.
PEFT
PEFT (parameter-efficient fine-tuning) adapts large pretrained models to new tasks by training only a small fraction of added or reparametrized parameters, achieving performance comparable to full fine-tuning.
Peftjauawybast
Peftjauawybast, also Peftjaubast, was a king at Herakleopolis in Middle Egypt during the late Third Intermediate Period, c. 728 BC, known from Piye's Victory Stela as one of four kings who submitted to the Kushite king.
Peftuaneith
Peftuaneith, also rendered Payeftjauemawyneith, was a high-ranking Egyptian civil official of the late 26th Dynasty, reaching the peak of his career under King Apries in the sixth century BC.
Pefurazoate
Pefurazoate (Healthied, UHF-8615, UR-0003) is a racemic imidazole seed-treatment fungicide inhibiting sterol 14α-demethylase, used mainly against rice bakanae disease; not EU-approved, circa 1985 introduction.
Peg cell
Peg cell: non-ciliated secretory cell of the oviduct (fallopian tube) epithelium, also called intercalary or Stiftchenzellen; secretes nutrients for the ovum, prominent at ovulation, and shows stem-like regenerative properties.
Peg Entwistle
Peg Entwistle, born Millicent Lilian Entwistle (1908–1932), was a Welsh-born Broadway actress, the Hollywood Sign Girl, whose 1932 suicide from the Hollywoodland sign's H followed the censorship-driven cutting of her only film role, Thirteen Women.
Peg Global Private Equity
PEG Global Private Equity is the global private equity fund platform of J.P. Morgan Asset Management, based in New York and raising capital through numbered funds of funds since 2018.
PEG precipitation
PEG precipitation is a bench biology method using polyethylene glycol to concentrate and purify proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteriophages, and extracellular vesicles, a workhorse step for over fifty years.
PEG ratio
The PEG ratio, or price/earnings-to-growth ratio, divides a stock's P/E by expected earnings growth, with a PEG of 1.0 denoting fair value by Peter Lynch's rule.
Peg solitaire
Peg solitaire, also called Solo Noble, Brainvita, or Hi-Q, is a one-player jumping puzzle; the English 33-hole cross board is standard, pagoda functions prove infeasibility, and generalized Hi-Q is NP-complete.
PEGA
PEGA (Pfam PF08308, InterPro IPR013229) is a conserved beta-strand protein domain found in archaea and bacteria, similar to S-layer proteins and named for its PEGA sequence motif; unrelated PEGA resin and a PEGA genetic algorithm share the name.
Pegadapalli (Jaipur Mandal) power station
Pegadapalli power station, also called the Singareni Thermal Power Plant (STPP), is a coal-fired power station in Mancherial district, Telangana, India, owned by Singareni Collieries.