All articles starting with P
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Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) are pneumococcal strains with altered low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins, defined by MIC breakpoints, first isolated in 1967, now controlled partly by conjugate vaccines.
Penicillin skin testing
Penicillin skin testing is a diagnostic procedure that applies penicillin reagents to the skin by prick or intradermal injection to detect IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in suspected penicillin allergy.
Penicillin-binding protein 2
Penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), bacterial peptidoglycan synthase and beta-lactam target; essential for rod morphology in E. coli, major target in S. aureus; altered forms (PBP2a, PBP2x) drive resistance.
Penicillium
Penicillium, a Eurotiales fungus genus with broom-like conidiophores, source of penicillin; 598 accepted species (2025), food spoilage agent producing patulin and ochratoxin A, identified by polyphasic DNA-based taxonomy.
Penicillium camemberti
Penicillium camemberti (syn. P. candidum) is the domesticated white mold ripening Camembert and Brie rinds, derived from P. biforme and wild P. fuscoglaucum; most strains produce the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid, more at 25 °C than refrigeration.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum, an indoor and food mould once famed as the penicillin producer; key strains, including Fleming's, are now reclassified as Penicillium rubens, distinguished by secalonic acids.
Penicillium commune
Penicillium commune (Thom 1910) is a green-conidial mold in series Camembertiorum, the leading cheese spoilage fungus and wild ancestor of P. camemberti, also persisting in bakery environments.
Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatum (green mold fungus) is the major necrotrophic postharvest pathogen of citrus, causing ~90% of postharvest losses; treated with TBZ, imazalil, fludioxonil, and antagonistic yeasts, with resistance via ABC/MFS efflux pumps.
Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansum (blue mold fungus) is a necrotrophic postharvest pathogen of apples and pears, main producer of the mycotoxin patulin; genome 31–35 Mbp with a complete 15-gene patulin cluster.
Penicillium genetics and genomics
Penicillium genetics and genomics covers Penicillium rubens, formerly P. chrysogenum, the fungus behind industrial penicillin production, whose 32.19 Mb, four-chromosome genome was among the first fungal genomes of an industrial producer sequenced.
Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium roqueforti, the blue-cheese mold used for Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton, and Danablue; also a food spoilage fungus with domesticated cheese populations, Wallaby and CheesyTer horizontal gene transfers, and metabolites like roquefortine C and PR-toxin.
Penicillium spinulosum
Penicillium spinulosum (Thom 1910) is an ascomycete mold in Aspergillaceae, a common indoor and soil fungus with monoverticillate penicilli and spinulose conidia, synonyms P. terlikowskii, P. abeanum, P. citreovirens.
Penicillium verrucosum
Penicillium verrucosum (Dierckx, 1901) is a cool-temperate Penicillium mold that contaminates stored cereals with ochratoxin A and citrinin; grows at water activity down to 0.80 and 0–31 °C, controlled by drying grain below 17% moisture and cooling below 5 °C.
Peniel Shin (신동식)
Peniel Shin (Shin Dong Geun, 신동근; stage name Peniel, 프니엘), Korean-American rapper and vocalist of BTOB, debuted 2012 with "Insane", solo debut 2017, BTOB 4U member, actor in XO, Kitty.
Penile agenesis
Penile agenesis (aphallia) is an extremely rare congenital absence of the penis in 46,XY males, with ectopic or absent urethra, frequent genitourinary and anorectal anomalies, and management shifting toward male assignment with staged neophalloplasty.
Penile cancer
Penile cancer: rare squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, about 1% of male cancers; HPV is the main risk factor; 67% five-year relative survival; treated with penile-sparing surgery, radiotherapy, or amputation.
Penile fracture
Penile fracture: rupture of the tunica albuginea of the erect penis, usually during intercourse, masturbation, or taqaandan; presents with a cracking sound, detumescence, and hematoma, and is treated by urgent surgical tunica repair.
Penile implant
Penile implant (penile prosthesis): surgically implanted device treating drug-refractory erectile dysfunction. Inflatable (most common, three-piece since 1973) and semirigid types; 45-90 minute surgery, high satisfaction, infection is the main risk.
Penile prosthesis implantation
Penile prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure placing inflatable or malleable devices to restore rigidity in men with erectile dysfunction unresponsive to tablets, vacuum devices, or injections.
Penile prosthesis surgery
Penile prosthesis surgery is the implantation of inflatable or malleable devices into the penis to produce erections, offered as third-line treatment for erectile dysfunction when pills, vacuum devices, and injections fail.
Penile spines
Penile spines: androgen-dependent keratinized projections on the glans penis of many mammals (rodents, cats, prosimians, marmosets) but not humans, where the androgen receptor spine enhancer is deleted; they provide sensory feedback and stimulate females during mating.
Penile subincision
Penile subincision, or burra, is a urethrotomy splitting the ventral penis and urethra, practiced as a coming-of-age ritual in Western and Central Australian indigenous communities, with sacred blood-letting and debated origins.
Penile–vaginal intercourse
Penile–vaginal intercourse, also called vaginal sex or penis-in-vagina sex, is the act in which a penis enters a vagina; it is the main route of human conception and can transmit STIs, prevented by condoms and contraception.
Penina Muhando
Penina Muhando, also published as Penina O. Mlama, is a Tanzanian playwright and professor at the University of Dar es Salaam, a pioneer of African popular theater who writes in Kiswahili.
Peninsula
Peninsula: land almost entirely surrounded by water but connected to the mainland on one side, from Latin paeninsula (almost an island). Attached by an isthmus; examples include Iberian, Korean, Florida, and Baja California.
Peninsula (반도) (film)
Peninsula (반도), also Train to Busan Presents: Peninsula, is Yeon Sang-ho's 2020 South Korean post-apocalyptic zombie action film, a standalone follow-up to Train to Busan starring Gang Dong-won and Lee Jung-hyun, released July 15, 2020, a Cannes 2020 selection with 3.81 million admissions.
Península de Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve
Península de Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO MAB reserve designated in 1987 at Cuba's westernmost tip in Pinar del Río, spanning roughly 121,572–156,202 ha of dry forest, mangroves, and Caribbean reefs.
Península Mitre
Península Mitre, also proposed as Península Haush, is the easternmost peninsula of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; a Ramsar site (2024) and provincial protected area (2022) known for vast peatlands and kelp forests.
Península Valdés
Península Valdés (Valdés Peninsula), Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina: UNESCO World Heritage site since 1999, also a Biosphere Reserve and Ramsar site, famed for southern right whale breeding grounds, elephant seal and sea lion colonies, and shore-stranding orcas.
Peninsular Gas Utilization Pipeline
The Peninsular Gas Utilization (PGU) pipeline is Peninsular Malaysia's high-pressure natural gas transmission network, operated by PETRONAS Gas Berhad since 1983, supplying power plants and industry.