All articles starting with P
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Persian Gulf submarine telegraph cables
The Persian Gulf submarine telegraph cables were undersea telegraph lines laid from 1864 across the Gulf, first supervised by Sir Charles Tilston Bright, carrying Britain-to-India messages in days instead of months.
Persian invasion of Egypt (351 BC)
The Persian invasion of Egypt (351 BC) was a failed winter campaign in which Artaxerxes III personally led an army against Pharaoh Nectanebo II, who retained Egypt; Persia reconquered Egypt a decade later.
Persian invasion of Egypt (373 BC)
The Persian invasion of Egypt of 373 BC was a failed Achaemenid attempt under Artaxerxes II, led by Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, to recover Egypt from pharaoh Nectanebo I.
Persian language
Persian (فارسی, Fārsi), an Iranian language of Indo-European, spoken by over 110 million people; official as Farsi in Iran, Dari in Afghanistan, and Tajiki in Tajikistan, with Old, Middle, and New historical stages.
Persian lexicography
Persian lexicography (farhang-nevisi) is the compiling of dictionaries, glossaries, and vocabularies of Persian, monolingual or bilingual, a tradition over 2,000 years old that now includes corpus-based and computational work.
Persian literary criticism
Persian literary criticism (نقد ادبی, naqd-e adabi) is the evaluation and analysis of works written in Persian, from premodern rhetoric to the modern discipline shaped by European theory.
Persian literature
Persian literature (Farsi, Dari, Tajik) is the New Persian literary tradition from the 9th-century Samanid court onward: Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Rumi's Masnavi, Hafez, Sa'di, Khayyam, spanning Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, India, and Turkey.
Persian miniature
Persian miniature is a courtly form of Persian painting in opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper, which blossomed in the 13th century and peaked under Timurid rule.
Persian modernist short story
The Persian modernist short story is fiction written in Persian from the early twentieth century that adopted European modernist techniques, pioneered by Sadegh Hedayat (صادق هدایت).
Persian Motifs
Persian Motifs (Персидские мотивы) is a lyric cycle of fifteen poems by Sergei Yesenin, written in the Caucasus in 1924 and 1925 and drawing on classical Persian poetry.
Persian mystical poetry
Persian mystical poetry (شعر عرفانی) is lyric and didactic poetry in classical New Persian, from about 900 to 1600 AD, in which Sufi meanings are expressed through Persian verse forms like the ghazal.
Persian mythology
Persian mythology: the myths and legends of the Iranian peoples, shaped by Indo-Iranian heritage and Zoroastrian dualism of Ahura Mazda versus Ahriman. Sources include the Avesta, the Pahlavi Bundahišn, and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, covering creation, heroes like Rostam, the Chinvat bridge judgment, and three saviors.
Persian name
Persian name: the personal naming system of Persian speakers and Iranians, today a first name plus family name with no middle name, established by the 1918 and 1925 Civil Registration Laws after a tradition of kunya, ism, nasab, nisba, and laqab.
Persian novel
The Persian novel (رمان فارسی) is the tradition of long prose fiction in Persian, which emerged in Iran in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Persian occupation of Oman
The Persian occupation of Oman was an attempt by Afsharid Persia under Nadir Shah to control Oman in two campaigns between 1737 and 1744, occupying Muscat and besieging Sohar.
Persian progressive literature
Persian progressive literature, known as adabiyat-e mota'ahed (committed literature), is modern Iranian writing from the 1940s to the 1979 revolution that treated literature as a vehicle for political commitment.
Persian prosody
Persian prosody, known in Persian as ʿarūż, is the quantitative metrical system of classical Persian poetry, built from short and long syllables and analyzed with Arabic terminology.
Persian proverbs
Persian proverbs (zarb-ol-amthal) are short sayings in the Persian language expressing inherited wisdom, moral judgment, and social commentary, drawing on the Quran, folklore, history, and classical poetry.
Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate
Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate: uprisings and tribute refusals in conquered Sasanian Iran, 630s-661, especially after Umar's death in 644 and the tax revolt of 39/659 in Jebāl, Fārs, and Kermān during the first fitna, ending with reconquest and permanent Arab control.
Persian romantic novel
A Persian romantic novel is a novel in the Persian language whose central plot is a love affair, descended from a millennium-old tradition of Persian romance narrative.
Persian satire
Persian satire is the tradition of satirical writing and humor in the Persian language, spanning about eleven hundred years from medieval verse to Iranian social media.
Persian silk textiles
Persian silk textiles are woven silk fabrics produced in Iran from late antiquity onward, reaching their peak under the Safavid dynasty (1501–1722) in workshops at Kashan, Yazd, and Isfahan.
Persian tilework
Persian tilework is the architectural use of glazed ceramic tiles on Iranian buildings, practiced from the thirteenth century BC through mosaic faience, luster, and haft-rang techniques.
Persian translations of the Quran
Persian translations of the Quran render the Arabic Quran into Persian, beginning in the 10th century with Samanid interlinear versions and continuing with dozens of modern Iranian editions.
Persian war literature
Persian war literature is the body of Persian prose, poetry, drama, and memoir about war, above all Iranian writing on the Iran-Iraq War of 1980 to 1988.
Persian wisdom literature
Persian wisdom literature is didactic writing, known as andarz ("advice"), giving counsel on religion, private life, and statecraft, from Sasanian advice books to Saʿdi.
Persianate society
Persianate society: societies shaped by Persian language and culture from the Balkans to Bengal, 9th to 19th century; term coined by Marshall Hodgson in The Venture of Islam (1974).
Persians
Persians: Iranian people united by Persian (Farsi), an Indo-Iranian language; named after the Parsa who entered Persis about 1000 BCE. Predominant group in Iran, distinct from the broader Iranian identity, with a large Los Angeles diaspora.
Persib Bandung
Persib Bandung (Maung Bandung), Indonesian professional football club from Bandung, West Java, supported by the Bobotoh; official founding date 5 January 1919, three straight league titles 2023/24-2025/26, plays at GBLA stadium.
Persicaria
Persicaria (knotweeds, smartweeds), a genus of about 100-150 species in Polygonaceae, cosmopolitan, split from Polygonum, recognized by ocrea and swollen nodes; includes weeds, ornamentals, and Asian mint.