All articles starting with P
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Personal Services
Personal Services is a 1987 British comedy-drama directed by Terry Jones, written by David Leland, starring Julie Walters as a madam inspired by Cynthia Payne, released 12 February 1987.
Personal Shopper
Personal Shopper is a 2016 supernatural thriller by Olivier Assayas, starring Kristen Stewart as a Paris personal shopper awaiting signs from her dead twin brother; it competed at Cannes 2016, winning Assayas Best Director (ex-aequo), and was released in the US by IFC Films in March 2017.
Personal Tailor (私人订制)
Personal Tailor (私人订制, aka 私人定制) is Feng Xiaogang's 2013 Chinese New Year comedy, written by Wang Shuo, starring Ge You, about a wish-fulfillment company; it set Chinese-language opening-day records (84 million yuan) and grossed 713 million yuan despite poor reviews.
Personal Taste (개인의 취향)
Personal Taste (개인의 취향, also Personal Preference, Perfect Match) is a 2010 MBC 16-episode romantic comedy starring Son Ye-jin and Lee Min-ho, adapted from Lee Se-in's novel, about an architect who pretends to be gay to move into a woman's hanok.
Personal thermal management
Personal thermal management is the set of technologies that keep an individual comfortable by conditioning the microclimate around the body rather than the whole building.
Personal trainer
Personal trainer: certified fitness professional designing individualized exercise programs. Also exercise trainer, CPT. US median pay $47,160 (May 2025); 388,400 jobs; 7% growth 2025-2035; NCCA accreditation is the hiring benchmark.
Personal union
Personal union: two or more sovereign states sharing one monarch as head of state while keeping separate laws, governments, and international personality; examples include England-Scotland 1603-1707, Britain-Hanover 1714-1837, and today's Commonwealth realms.
Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover
Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover (1714–1837): dynastic union under the House of Hanover, created by the Act of Settlement 1701, ended by Salic law at Victoria's accession; Hanover annexed by Prussia in 1866.
Personal union of Poland and Saxony
Personal union of Poland and Saxony, 1697–1763: Wettin electors Augustus II and Augustus III as elected Polish kings; ruler-only bond, Saxon cabinet rule, Silent Sejm 1717, Pirna 1756, empty treasuries.
Personalis
Personalis is an American cancer genomics company headquartered in Fremont, California, founded in 2011 by Stanford University sequencing specialists and known for the ultra-sensitive NeXT Personal MRD test.
Personalism
Personalism: a family of philosophical schools treating the person as the central principle of reality and value, stressing dignity and relationality; from Schleiermacher's 1799 coinage through Bowne, Mounier, and Maritain to Christian Democracy.
Personality
Personality is the enduring configuration of traits, values, and emotional patterns shaping an individual's adjustment to life. Covers the Big Five, the HEXACO alternative with Honesty-Humility, narrow traits, and stability and change across the lifespan.
Personality Assessment Inventory
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a 344-item self-report questionnaire measuring personality and psychopathology in adults, widely used in clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and forensic evaluation.
Personality development
Personality development: the lifelong study of how Big Five traits emerge, stabilize, and change. Stability rises until age 30; trait change continues into old age; genes and environments both contribute.
Personality disorder
Personality disorder, also called personality pathology, is a mental disorder of rigid, maladaptive patterns of thinking, relating, and impulse control. ICD-11 (2022) replaced categories with severity levels plus five trait domains; DSM-5 keeps categories and an alternative dimensional model.
Personality psychology
Personality psychology studies enduring individual differences in traits, motives, development, and personality disorders. Key models include the Big Five (OCEAN), psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories, plus the person-situation debate and interactionism.
Personality rights
Personality rights, or the right of publicity, protect control over the commercial use of one's name, image, likeness, and voice. Originating in Haelan v. Topps (1953), recognized in most US states without a federal statute, and treated differently in Germany, France, and the UK.
Personality test
A personality test is a standardized psychological instrument, usually a self-report inventory, measuring traits such as the Big Five or MBTI types; used in clinical, workplace, and research settings, with documented validity and reliability concerns.
Personality type
Personality type: discrete categories for personality, from Galen's four temperaments and Jung's 1921 types to the MBTI's 16 types. Evidence favors continuous Big Five traits; taxometric studies find true types scarce or nonexistent.
Personalization
Personalization is the tailoring of content, offers, prices, or experiences to an individual user by a system, distinct from customization, where the user makes the change.
Personalized Beauty Discovery, Inc.
Personalized Beauty Discovery, Inc. is a Delaware-incorporated company doing business as Ipsy, a Santa Monica, California online beauty community and subscription service known for its monthly Glam Bag.
Personalized medicine
Personalized medicine, also called precision medicine, tailors prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to an individual's genomic, environmental, and lifestyle profile rather than the average patient, using pharmacogenomics, biomarker testing, and genome sequencing.
Personalized protein corona
The personalized protein corona (PPC) is the patient-specific layer of proteins that forms on a nanoparticle in blood plasma, giving the same particle different biological behavior in each patient.
Personhood
Personhood (legal personality): the status of holding rights and duties under a legal system, held by natural persons and artificial persons like corporations and states, distinct from being human; covers capacity, birth and death, rights of nature, and fetal personhood.
Personification
Personification (prosopopoeia, Greek prosōpopoiía) is the figure of speech attributing human qualities to non-human things, animals, or abstractions. Ancient in origin, classified as metaphor or an independent trope, and distinct from apostrophe and anthropomorphism.
Personio
Personio is a Munich-based human resources software company founded in 2015 by Hanno Renner, selling an all-in-one HR platform to small and mid-sized businesses across Europe.
Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops
PASGT (Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops) was the US Army/Marine Corps Kevlar vest-and-helmet system, type-classified late 1970s, fielded 1983, used in Grenada, Panama, and the Gulf War, replaced by Interceptor body armor and the Lightweight Helmet.
Personnel economics
Personnel economics applies economic and econometric methods to human resource questions inside firms, a field consolidated by Edward P. Lazear in 1999 and known for studies of incentive pay.
Personnel grouping (gridiron football)
Personnel grouping (gridiron football): two-digit code, first digit running backs, second tight ends, e.g., 11 = 1 RB, 1 TE, 3 WR. Drives NFL substitution, defensive nickel/dime matching, and play-calling; 11 personnel dominates since the spread era.
Personnel of the Jazz Messengers
Personnel of the Jazz Messengers: the hard bop group co-founded by Art Blakey and Horace Silver in 1954 and led by Blakey until 1990, with rotating lineups including Dorham, Mobley, Morgan, Golson, Timmons, Shorter, and the Marsalises.