All articles starting with P
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Phosphomannomutase
Phosphomannomutase (PMM), also called phosphomannose isomerase pathway enzyme PMM1/PMM2, catalyzes interconversion of mannose 1-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate for N-glycosylation; PMM2 deficiency causes PMM2-CDG, for which GLM101 is in Phase 2b trials.
Phosphomevalonate kinase
Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK, EC 2.7.4.2) is an ATP-dependent enzyme converting mevalonate 5-phosphate to mevalonate 5-diphosphate in the mevalonate pathway; human PMVK is a 192-aa cytosolic monomer linked to porokeratosis and autoinflammatory disease.
Phosphomolybdic acid
Phosphomolybdic acid, also called molybdophosphoric acid or dodecamolybdophosphoric acid, is a Keggin-type heteropoly acid with the formula H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀], used as a TLC stain, histology mordant, and catalyst.
Phosphonate
A phosphonate, also known as a phosphonic acid, is an organophosphorus compound with a direct carbon–phosphorus bond, the basis of antibiotics like fosfomycin, herbicides, and bisphosphonate osteoporosis drugs.
Phosphonate utilization transcriptional regulator PhnR
PhnR (phosphonate utilization transcriptional regulator) is a bacterial regulator of phosphonate uptake and catabolism genes; LysR-like in Pseudomonas fluorescens 23F (phosphonoacetate induction, biosensors), GntR-family repressor in P. putida KT2440.
Phosphopentose epimerase
Phosphopentose epimerase (ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase, RPE, EC 5.1.3.1) is a TIM-barrel, metal-dependent enzyme converting D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle; human gene RPE at 2q34 encodes a cytosolic homodimer.
Phosphor
A phosphor is a luminescent solid that absorbs energy, such as ultraviolet light, an electron beam, or ionizing radiation, and re-emits part of it as visible light, in applications including fluorescent lamps, LEDs, and radiation detectors.
Phosphor bronze
Phosphor bronze is a copper-tin alloy containing a trace of residual phosphorus, prized for strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue behavior in springs, contacts, and bearings.
Phosphor thermometry
Phosphor thermometry is an optical technique that measures surface or gas temperature from the temperature-dependent luminescence of a phosphor, independent of surface emissivity, from cryogenic to about 2000 K.
Phosphoramidate
A phosphoramidate is an organophosphorus compound with at least one amino group bonded directly to phosphorus through a P–N bond; the ProTide approach yielded drugs like sofosbuvir.
Phosphoramide
Phosphoramide, also called phosphoric triamide, is the small inorganic compound in which all three hydroxyl groups of phosphoric acid are replaced by amino groups; the name also covers substituted P(O)–N compounds.
Phosphoramidite
A phosphoramidite is a trivalent phosphorus(III) compound bearing an amino group, the standard building block for DNA and RNA oligonucleotide synthesis and a chiral ligand class in asymmetric catalysis.
Phosphoramidon
Phosphoramidon is a naturally occurring phosphoramidate dipeptide produced by Streptomyces tanashiensis, first reported in 1973 as a potent inhibitor of thermolysin and other zinc metalloproteases.
Phosphoranyl radical-mediated alkene functionalization
Phosphoranyl radical-mediated alkene functionalization is a set of synthetic methods in which photoredox-generated tetracoordinate phosphorus radicals activate strong bonds and add across alkene C=C bonds under mild conditions.
Phosphorene
Phosphorene is a two-dimensional semiconductor made of a single atomic layer of black phosphorus, first isolated in 2014, with a thickness-dependent direct bandgap and high carrier mobility.
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is luminescence involving a change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet, whose slow spin-forbidden emission produces an afterglow lasting from fractions of a second to hours.
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM) is an optical microscopy method that maps oxygen in living cells and tissues, converting phosphorescence decay times into local oxygen pressure; it is widely used for tumor hypoxia and brain oxygen imaging.
Phosphorescent carbon dots
Phosphorescent carbon dots are carbon nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm that emit room-temperature phosphorescence, a long-lived afterglow first reported in 2013 and used in anti-counterfeiting, sensing, and bioimaging.
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), 5-phospho-D-ribosyl-α-1-diphosphate, is the activated ribose-phosphate donor for nucleotide, histidine, tryptophan, and NAD biosynthesis, made from ribose 5-phosphate and ATP by PRPP synthase (EC 2.7.6.1); PRPS1 mutations cause gout and neurological syndromes.
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase (SAICAR synthetase, PurC, EC 6.3.2.6) is an ATP-grasp ligase catalyzing the ATP-dependent ligation of CAIR and L-aspartate to SAICAR in de novo purine biosynthesis; a bacterial essential enzyme and cancer-target domain.
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (PurM, AIR synthetase, EC 6.3.3.1) is the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme of de novo purine biosynthesis that converts FGAM to aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), forming the imidazole ring in step 5 of the pathway to IMP.
Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase
Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase (GARS, PurD, EC 6.3.4.13), an ATP-grasp ligase catalyzing the second step of de novo purine biosynthesis, forming GAR from phosphoribosylamine and glycine; monofunctional in bacteria, part of trifunctional human GART.
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity (PRS superactivity, PRPS1 superactivity) is a rare X-linked purine metabolism disorder causing hyperuricemia, gout, and uric acid stones, with a severe early-onset form adding deafness and neurologic impairment.
Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is an inorganic acid with formula H₃PO₄, commonly sold as an 85% solution and used mainly in phosphate fertilizer, with food and water treatment among its other uses.
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
A phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) uses concentrated phosphoric acid as its electrolyte and runs at 150 to 200 °C; it was the first fuel cell type commercialized.
Phosphorimaging
Phosphorimaging, also called storage phosphor autoradiography, records two-dimensional images of ionizing radiation on a photostimulable phosphor screen that a laser later reads out as a digital image.
Phosphorodithioate
Phosphorodithioate is the trivalent anion O2PS2³⁻, a phosphorus group bearing two sulfur atoms found in organophosphorus insecticides and in PS2 linkages that replace both non-bridging oxygens in oligonucleotides.
Phosphorofluoridate
Phosphorofluoridate, also called the monofluorophosphate ion, is a divalent phosphorus anion in which fluorine replaces one hydroxyl of phosphate; its sodium salt is the fluoride source in anticavity toothpastes.
Phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid (H3PO3), also known as phosphonic acid, is a diprotic phosphorus oxoacid and reducing agent, the basis of phosphite fungicides that control oomycete diseases.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the chemical element with atomic number 15, a reactive nonmetal occurring as white, red, violet, and black allotropes and essential to all life as phosphate in DNA and ATP.