All articles starting with P
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Polymer dot
A polymer dot (Pdot) is a fluorescent nanoparticle of semiconducting polymer, smaller than about 30 nm, used as an imaging probe and biosensor in biology and medicine.
Polymer flooding
Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery method that thickens injection water with polymers like HPAM, improving sweep efficiency; China's Daqing oilfield is its largest application.
Polymer Genome
Polymer Genome is a free web-based platform that predicts polymer properties from chemical structure in seconds, developed by Rampi Ramprasad and co-workers at Georgia Tech.
Polymer informatics
Polymer informatics is the application of data science and machine learning to polymer composition, processing, and characterization data to predict properties and choose experiments rationally.
Polymer Interdisciplinary Research Centre
Polymer Interdisciplinary Research Centre (Polymer IRC), UK polymer science consortium founded 1989 with EPSRC funding at Leeds, Bradford, Durham, and Sheffield universities; based at Bradford's 4500 sq m polymer engineering laboratories, directed by Phil Coates, focused on solid-phase orientation processing and healthcare polymers.
Polymer mechanochemistry
Polymer mechanochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in polymers driven by mechanical force, using embedded force-responsive molecules called mechanophores for sensing, strengthening, and recycling.
Polymer nanocomposite
A polymer nanocomposite is a composite material in which nanoparticles 1 to 100 nm in size are dispersed in a polymer matrix to improve its properties.
Polymer of styrene and acrylamide
Polymer of styrene and acrylamide (styrene/acrylamide copolymer, CAS 24981-13-3) is a synthetic copolymer used as an opacifier in cosmetics and detergents, not approved as an EU pesticide, and studied for mercury adsorption and drag reduction.
Polymer precipitation
Polymer precipitation, also known as nanoprecipitation or solvent displacement, is a method that forms polymer particles by adding a nonsolvent to a dissolved polymer, used mainly for drug delivery.
Polymer solar cell
A polymer solar cell is a lightweight, flexible photovoltaic device that converts light into electricity using a thin film of conjugated polymer donor paired with an acceptor material.
Polymer solid-state electrolytes
Polymer solid-state electrolytes are salt-doped polymer membranes that conduct lithium ions between battery electrodes while remaining solid, safer than liquids but so poorly conducting at room temperature that cells usually run warm.
Polymer synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide
Polymer synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide carries out polymerization in CO₂ above 31.1 °C and 73.8 bar, a tunable green solvent; depressurization leaves dry polymer with no solvent waste.
Polymer thermoelectrics
Polymer thermoelectrics are polymer-based materials that convert heat directly into electricity or cooling through the Seebeck and Peltier effects, with PEDOT the most developed example.
Polymer translocation through nanopores
Polymer translocation through nanopores is the process by which a polymer chain, such as DNA or a protein, crosses a membrane through a pore only a few nanometers wide.
Polymer-bonded explosive
A polymer-bonded explosive (PBX), also called a plastic-bonded explosive, binds explosive crystals such as RDX or HMX in a synthetic polymer matrix that reduces shock sensitivity; the first PBX was made at Los Alamos in 1952.
Polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte
A polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte is a solid ion-conducting battery material combining a polymer-salt matrix with a ceramic phase, studied as a safer, nonflammable route toward solid-state lithium and sodium batteries.
Polymer-derived ceramics
Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) are ceramic materials produced by heating preceramic polymers above about 800 °C, allowing shaping by molding or 3D printing before the ceramic exists.
Polymer-derived SiBCN ceramics
Polymer-derived SiBCN ceramics are quaternary non-oxide ceramics of silicon, boron, carbon, and nitrogen, made by pyrolyzing polyborosilazane precursors, with oxidation resistance exceeding that of SiC and Si₃N₄.
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal
A polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is a composite film of liquid crystal droplets in a solid polymer matrix that switches electrically between a milky, light-scattering state and a transparent state.
Polymer-modified asphalt
Polymer-modified asphalt, also called polymer-modified bitumen, is an asphalt binder produced by dispersing 3 to 7 percent polymer into molten asphalt to resist rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking.
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), invented by Kary Mullis in 1983 at Cetus, is a lab method amplifying specific DNA segments via denaturation, primer annealing, and Taq polymerase extension cycles; Nobel Prize 1993; basis of qPCR and digital PCR.
Polymeric carbon dioxide
Polymeric carbon dioxide, best known as phase V (CO₂-V), is a superhard crystalline form of solid CO₂ in which molecules become a covalent network, formed above about 40 GPa.
Polymeric micelles for siRNA delivery
Polymeric micelles for siRNA delivery are nanoscale core-shell carriers of 10 to 100 nm, self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers, that protect siRNA and deliver it into cells for gene silencing.
Polymerization
Polymerization, also called polymerise, is the chemical process in which monomers bond repeatedly into macromolecules, proceeding by chain or step growth in processes such as bulk and emulsion polymerization.
Polymerization-induced phase separation
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) is a fabrication method in which polymerization drives a homogeneous resin to separate into phases, used in liquid crystal displays and battery separators.
Polymerization-induced self-assembly
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a one-pot method, first reported in 2002, in which growing insoluble polymer blocks self-assemble in situ into block copolymer nanoparticles, reaching up to 50% solids without post-purification.
Polymetallic nodule
A polymetallic nodule, or manganese nodule, is a rock concretion on the deep ocean floor, rich in manganese, iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt, and targeted for deep-sea mining.
Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is a self-curing acrylic grout, mixed from liquid monomer and powder in the operating room, used to fix hip and knee prostheses to living bone.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane
Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is a linear silicone polymer, sold as a colorless liquid, used in organic synthesis as a mild, inexpensive hydride donor for metal-catalyzed reductions.
Polymorphic code
Polymorphic code is software that mutates into a different version of itself with each run while keeping the same function, a technique used by malware to evade antivirus detection.