All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Private prison
Private prison: a correctional facility run by a for-profit company (CoreCivic, formerly CCA; GEO Group) under government contract. Revived in the 1980s US amid overcrowding; holds about 8% of US incarcerated people; measured cost savings about 1%.
Private property
Private property: legally enforceable bundle of rights (use, exclusion, transfer) held by non-state actors over things; rooted in Roman dominium, split into civil-law ownership and common-law estates traditions, limited by expropriation and regulation.
Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Sesc Pantanal (Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural SESC Pantanal)
RPPN Sesc Pantanal (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural SESC Pantanal), Brazil's largest private nature reserve, 108,000 ha in Barão de Melgaço, Mato Grosso; created 1997 by Sesc, Ramsar site 1270 (2002), Pantanal Biosphere Reserve core zone, 630 vertebrate species, about 65% burned in 2020 fires.
Private school
Private school (independent school): a tuition-funded school outside government systems, including religious, Montessori, boarding, and special education types. PISA raw score advantages over public schools largely disappear after adjusting for student socio-economic selection.
Private School (film)
Private School (also known as Private School... for Girls) is a 1983 American teen sex comedy directed by Noel Black, starring Phoebe Cates, Betsy Russell, and Matthew Modine.
Private school piano
Private school piano, also written Private School Amapiano, is a softer, jazz-inflected subgenre of South African amapiano house music, centered on producer Kelvin Momo and singer Babalwa M.
Private Secretary to the Sovereign
Private Secretary to the Sovereign: senior operational member of the UK Royal Household, head of the Private Secretary's Office, advising the monarch on constitutional and governmental duties, organising the official programme, and channeling communication with government.
Private sector
The private sector, also called the commercial sector, is the part of an economy not owned or controlled by government, covering private corporations, nonprofits, and households.
Private spaceflight
Private spaceflight, also called commercial space flight, is spaceflight funded and operated by private companies, from suborbital tourism to commercial ISS crew and cargo transport.
Private university
Private university: a higher education institution funded and governed independently of the state, relying mainly on tuition. Covers global growth since 1989, financing, research spending, and current financial pressures distinguishing it from public universities.
Private VLAN
A private VLAN (PVLAN) is a Layer 2 technique that partitions a VLAN into isolated subdomains, so devices sharing one IP subnet cannot communicate directly with each other.
Private's
Private's (Private's Club, Privates), New York nightclub at 150 East 85th Street, closed 30 June 1981; hosted Madness, The Ventures, Chubby Checker; Joan Jett "I Love Rock N' Roll" video location.
Privateer
Privateer: privately owned armed ship authorized by a government letter of marque (lettre de course, kaperbrief) to attack enemy commerce in war; legal under prize law, distinct from piracy, abolished by the 1856 Declaration of Paris.
Privately held company
A privately held company, also called a privately owned or closely held company, is a business whose shares are not traded on a public stock exchange.
Privatisation in the United Kingdom
Privatisation in the United Kingdom is the transfer of state-owned industries and assets to private ownership, begun by the Conservative government elected in 1979 and raising about £160 billion.
Privatisation of British Rail
The privatization of British Rail, also called rail privatization in the UK, was the 1994–1997 breakup and sale of the state-owned railway under the Railways Act 1993.
Privatisation of the English water industry
The privatization of the English water industry transferred ten regional water authorities to private companies floated on 1 September 1989 under Margaret Thatcher's government, creating the regulator Ofwat.
Privatisation of ZCCM
The privatization of ZCCM (Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines) was the sale, between 1992 and 2000, of Zambia's state-owned copper mining conglomerate, the largest transaction in the country's privatization program.
Privatization
Privatization, also called denationalization, is the transfer of government services or assets to the private sector through sales, contracting out, or opening state sectors to competition.
Privatization in Russia
Privatization in Russia was the transfer of state-owned enterprises and assets to private owners, carried out mainly from 1992 to 1994 through a mass voucher program and extended through the loans-for-shares scheme.
Privernum
Privernum was an ancient Volscian town in southern Latium, central Italy, definitively conquered by Rome in 329 BC and later a Roman colony near modern Priverno.
Privet
Privet (Ligustrum), a genus of about 40 Oleaceae shrubs and small trees from Eurasia to Queensland, long used for clipped hedges; several species, notably Chinese privet (L. sinense), are major invasive weeds with toxic fruit.
Privet as an invasive plant
Privet (Ligustrum spp.), including Chinese privet (L. sinense), is invasive hedge shrubs forming dense thickets that displace native forest understory; bird-dispersed seed, root-crown sprouting, herbicide cut-stump control, no biocontrol.
Privilege escalation
Privilege escalation, also called elevation of privilege, is a cyberattack that gains permissions beyond those a user or process is authorized to hold, typically by exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations.
Privilege Ibiza
Privilege Ibiza is a nightclub in Sant Rafel, Ibiza, recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's largest, holding 10,000 people. Formerly known as Ku, it closed in 2019.
Privilege of Jedlnia–Kraków
The Privilege of Jedlnia–Kraków (Przywilej jedlneńsko-krakowski) was a 1430 and 1433 charter of King Władysław II Jagiełło protecting Polish nobles from imprisonment without a court verdict.
Privilege of Koszyce
The Privilege of Koszyce (Przywilej koszycki) was a charter granted by Louis I of Hungary at Košice in 1374, freeing the Polish nobility from nearly all taxation.
Privilege of Mielnik
The Privilege of Mielnik (Przywilej mielnicki, or Mielnik articles) was a 1501 constitutional act of Alexander Jagiellon that placed power in the senate's hands; annulled in 1505.
Privilege separation
Privilege separation is a security design technique that splits a program into a small privileged monitor and unprivileged components handling untrusted input, best known from OpenSSH.
Privitar
Privitar was a London-based data privacy software company, founded in 2014 by Jason du Preez and John Taysom, that built de-identification and data access tools for enterprise analytics; Informatica acquired it in June 2023.