All articles starting with P
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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: vast U.S. protected area in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 582,578 sq mi, established 2006, expanded 2016, UNESCO mixed World Heritage site, commercial fishing prohibited.
Papain
Papain is a cysteine protease from papaya (Carica papaya) latex, the type enzyme of MEROPS family C1 and the first protease with a crystal structure (1968). Used in meat tenderizing and wound debridement, it is an EU-classified respiratory sensitizer and its topical drug products lack FDA approval.
Papain fold structure and catalysis
The papain fold is the conserved two-domain architecture of papain-family cysteine proteases, named for the papaya enzyme papain, whose 1968 structure revealed a V-shaped cleft holding a Cys-His catalytic pair.
Papain inhibitor
Papain inhibitor: molecules that inhibit papain (EC 3.4.22.2), the papaya cysteine protease, chiefly cystatins (Ki down to femtomolar), chagasin, and E-64; distinct from papain-like protease inhibitors generally.
Papain-like protease
Papain-like protease (C1 family, clan CA) cysteine proteases named after papain from Carica papaya; includes lysosomal cathepsins and viral PLpro enzymes, defined by a Cys-His-Asp/Asn catalytic triad and acyl-enzyme mechanism.
Papaine
Papaine (papaïne), the French original name of papain, is the cysteine protease EC 3.4.22.2 from Carica papaya latex, GRAS for food use and studied as a biopesticide.
Papakha
Papakha (папаха; Georgian ფაფახი): traditional brimless fur hat of the Caucasus and Central Asia, sheepskin, goat fur, or astrakhan, worn with the chokha, used in Russian and Soviet military dress, and popularized in MMA by Khabib Nurmagomedov.
Papal ban of Freemasonry
The papal ban of Freemasonry is the Catholic Church's prohibition against Catholics joining Masonic lodges, first imposed by Clement XII in 1738 and reaffirmed in 2023.
Papal bull
A papal bull, also called a Pope's bull, is a formal apostolic letter of the pope authenticated with a lead seal, used for canonizations, dogmatic pronouncements, and convoking councils.
Papal crusading privileges for the Iberian Reconquista
Papal crusading privileges for the Iberian Reconquista were papal grants giving campaigns in Spain and Portugal crusade status, from 1063 through the cruzada bull renewed in 1928.
Papal infallibility
Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, defined by the First Vatican Council in 1870, under which the pope's ex cathedra definitions of doctrine on faith or morals are irreformable.
Papal legate
A papal legate, or Legate of the Holy See, is an ecclesiastic appointed by the pope to represent him, governed by the 1983 Code of Canon Law.
Papal name
A papal name, also called a pontifical name, is the regnal name a newly elected pope takes in place of his baptismal name, with an ordinal number.
Papal primacy
Papal primacy, also called the primacy of the Roman pontiff, is the Catholic doctrine that the pope holds supreme authority over the whole Church, defined at Vatican I in 1870.
Papal renunciation
Papal renunciation is a pope's voluntary resignation from his office as Roman Pontiff under Canon 332 §2. Definitive cases include Celestine V (1294) and Gregory XII (1415).
Papal States
Papal States (Stato Pontificio, Stato della Chiesa, Kirchenstaat): central Italian territories ruled by the pope as temporal sovereign from 754 to 1870; ended with the Capture of Rome, succeeded by Vatican City in 1929.
Papal supremacy
Papal supremacy, also called supremacy of the Roman pontiff, is the Catholic doctrine that the pope, as Peter's successor, holds supreme and universal power over the Church.
Papal tiara
The papal tiara, also called the triregnum or papal crown, is a three-crowned headdress topped by a globe and cross with which popes were crowned until Paul VI in 1963.
Papaleksi (lunar crater)
Papaleksi is a 92.03-km-wide impact crater on the lunar far side at 10.15°N, 163.95°E, named for Soviet physicist Nikolai Dmitrievich Papaleksi (1880-1947), IAU-approved 1970.
Papaloapan
Papaloapan: major river of Mexico's southern Gulf slope, draining a ~46,517 km² basin across Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Puebla; second by flow after Grijalva-Usumacinta; site of the 1947 Papaloapan Commission, Miguel Alemán and Cerro de Oro dams, and a highly endemic freshwater fish fauna.
Papan Dakon
Papan dakon is the carved wooden board for dakon (congklak), the Javanese mancala game: two rows of five to nine sawah holes, end stores (lumbung), sowing with pingsut opening and mikul captures.
Papanasam (பாபநாசம்) (film)
Papanasam (பாபநாசம்), 2015 Tamil crime thriller by Jeethu Joseph, a remake of his Malayalam Drishyam, starring Kamal Haasan and Gautami; released 3 July 2015, grossed over US$16 million worldwide.
Papandayan
Papandayan (Gunung Papandayan) is a complex stratovolcano in Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia, elevation about 2,643 m. Its 1772 flank collapse killed almost 3,000 people; last eruption November 2002.
Papaoutai
Papaoutai (Papa, où t'es?), 2013 single by Belgian-Rwandan artist Stromae from Racine carrée, about his father lost in the 1994 Rwandan genocide; Congolese rumba and piano house hit, later subject of a viral AI Afro Soul cover.
Paparazzi
Paparazzi (singular paparazzo) are freelance photographers who take candid, unconsented celebrity photos for sale. The word comes from Fellini's La dolce vita; the trade was shaped by 1950s Rome, Princess Diana's 1997 death, and social media.
Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)
Paparazzi is a Lady Gaga song from The Fame (2008), written and produced with Rob Fusari; it peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 in the UK, and its Jonas Åkerlund video and 2009 VMA performance won two Moonmen.
Paparazzi UAV
Paparazzi UAV is a free, open-source autopilot and ground station software project for drones, founded in 2003 by teachers of the French Civil Aviation University (ENAC) in Toulouse.
Paparoa National Park
Paparoa National Park, West Coast, New Zealand; established 1987; known for Punakaiki Pancake Rocks, blowholes, limestone karst caves, the Westland petrel colony, and the Paparoa Track memorial to the 29 Pike River mine victims.
Paparua County
Paparua County, a New Zealand local government area west of Christchurch, existed 1911–1989; formed from Lincoln and Templeton Road Boards, it amalgamated with Christchurch City Council in 1989.
PAPASH syndrome
PAPASH syndrome (pyogenic arthritis-pyoderma gangrenosum-acne-hidradenitis suppurativa syndrome, ORPHA:641380) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder first reported in 2013, with about 14 cases, sometimes linked to PSTPIP1 mutations and treated with IL-1, TNF-alpha, or IL-17 biologics.