All articles starting with P
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PaperBench
PaperBench is an OpenAI benchmark, released in April 2025 and peer-reviewed at ICML 2025, that tests whether AI agents can reproduce machine learning papers from scratch.
Paperboard
Paperboard, also known as cartonboard or duplex board, is a thick, stiff paper-based material, generally heavier than 150 grams per square meter, made into boxes, cartons, and rigid packaging.
Paperboy
Paperboy: a newspaper carrier, historically a child delivering papers by bike or foot. First hired in 1833 (Barney Flaherty, New York Sun); now mostly adults in cars due to morning delivery, child labor limits, and print's decline.
Paperboy (video game)
Paperboy is a 1984 Atari Games arcade game (North American release April 1985) in which a cyclist delivers newspapers on a suburban street, notable for its bicycle-handlebar controller, Atari System 2 hardware, seven-day structure, and many home ports.
Paperclip maximizer
The paperclip maximizer is an AI safety thought experiment introduced by philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003, where an AI making paperclips consumes everything, including humanity.
Papercuts (Singles Collection 2000–2023)
Papercuts (Singles Collection 2000–2023) is Linkin Park's first career-spanning greatest hits compilation, released April 12, 2024 on Warner Records: 20 tracks including unreleased "Friendly Fire" and the rarity "QWERTY," peaking at UK number 4.
Paperinik
Paperinik (Duck Avenger, Superduck, Phantomias, Fantomiald) is Donald Duck's superhero alter ego created in Italy in 1969 by Guido Martina and Giovan Battista Carpi in Topolino, evolving from prankish antihero to the 1990s sci-fi PK reboot.
Papermaking
Papermaking is the process of converting plant fibers, chiefly cellulose from wood or recovered paper, into sheets; it was invented in China, credited to Cai Lun in 105 CE.
Papermaking in Persia
Papermaking in Persia is the history of paper (kāḡaḏ) production in the Iranian lands, where rag-fiber papermakers developed sized, dyed, and burnished sheets prized for calligraphy and book arts.
PaPeRo
PaPeRo is a personal communication robot developed by NEC in Japan, designed to interact with people at home through speech recognition, speech synthesis, and face recognition.
Papers, Please
Papers, Please (Arstotzka) is Lucas Pope's August 8, 2013 indie dystopian document thriller: an immigration inspector in fictional communist Arstotzka, 1982, checks papers under daily rules, feeds a family, and faces 20 endings; acclaimed (Metacritic 85) and widely used in ethics and law teaching.
Paperspace
Paperspace was an American cloud computing company offering low-cost GPU virtual machines and the Gradient machine learning platform; DigitalOcean acquired it for $111 million in 2023.
Paperwork Reduction Act
The Paperwork Reduction Act is a United States federal law, enacted in 1980, that requires federal agencies to obtain Office of Management and Budget approval before collecting information from the public.
Paphiopedilum
Paphiopedilum, slipper orchid or lady's slipper, is a genus of about 110 Asian orchid species with pouch-shaped lips, no pseudobulbs, CITES Appendix I listing, and tens of thousands of registered hybrids.
Paphlagonia
Paphlagonia (Greek Παφλαγονία, also Paflagonia) was a mountainous region of northern Anatolia along the Black Sea, stretching from the coast to the plateau and ruled in turn by Lydia, Persia, Pontus, and Rome.
Paphnutius of Borovsk
Paphnutius of Borovsk (Пафнутий Боровский), baptized Parfeny, was a Russian Orthodox monk who founded the Borovsky Monastery in 1444 and became the teacher of Joseph of Volokolamsk.
Paphos (Πάφος)
Paphos (Πάφος) is a coastal city in western Cyprus whose ancient remains, centered on the cult of Aphrodite, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980.
Papiamento
Papiamento, also written Papiamentu, is an Iberian-lexified creole language of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, official alongside Dutch and English, first language of over 80% of islanders, with disputed Portuguese versus Spanish origins.
Papias of Hierapolis
Papias of Hierapolis, traditionally Saint Papias, was an early second-century Christian writer of Hierapolis in Phrygia, counted among the Apostolic Fathers, whose five-book Exposition of the Lord's Oracles survives only in fragments.
Papier collé
Papier collé, French for "glued paper," is a collage technique of pasting papers onto a surface, invented by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in 1912 within Cubism.
Papier-mâché
Papier-mâché (French, "chewed paper") is a composite material of paper pulp or layered paper bound with glue, starch, or paste, molded moist and hard when dry; it originated in Asia, reached Europe in the 13th century, and served furniture, dolls, anatomical models, and sculpture.
Papiermark
The Papiermark, also called the German papiermark, was Germany's paper currency from 1914 to 1924, stripped of gold backing and the currency of the 1919 to 1923 hyperinflation.
Papilio glaucus
Papilio glaucus, the eastern tiger swallowtail, is a large eastern North American swallowtail. Females are yellow-striped or dark Batesian mimics of Battus philenor, controlled by W-linked and X-linked loci.
Papilio machaon
Papilio machaon, the Old World or common yellow swallowtail, is the type species of Papilionidae, Holarctic in range, IUCN Least Concern; its British subspecies britannicus is a Vulnerable Norfolk Broads endemic.
Papilio polyxenes
Papilio polyxenes, the black swallowtail or eastern black swallowtail (Fabricius, 1775), is a North American swallowtail butterfly whose caterpillars feed on carrot-family herbs and whose females mimic the pipevine swallowtail; IUCN Least Concern.
Papilio rutulus
Papilio rutulus, the Western Tiger Swallowtail, is a yellow-and-black swallowtail butterfly of western North America (British Columbia to Baja California), in subgenus Pterourus; larvae feed on willow, cottonwood, and aspen and differ from P. eurymedon by eyespot details.
Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim
Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim, still widely called Vanda Miss Joaquim, is a 1893 orchid hybrid of P. teres and P. hookeriania bred by Agnes Joaquim; its 'Agnes' cultivar is Singapore's national flower since 1981.
Papilionidae
Papilionidae, the swallowtail and parnassian butterflies (family Latreille, 1802), are the sister group of all other butterflies: about 560-570 species worldwide, richest in the tropics, with osmeteria-bearing caterpillars and an ancestral Aristolochiaceae host association.
Papillary conjunctivitis
Papillary conjunctivitis: conjunctival inflammation with vascular papillae on the tarsal conjunctiva, mainly allergic, drug-induced, or mechanical; giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is the contact lens form, first described by Spring in 1974.
Papillary glioneuronal tumor
Papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT), a rare WHO grade I mixed glial-neuronal brain tumor of young adults with SLC44A1::PRKCA fusion, pseudopapillary histology, and favorable prognosis after gross total resection.